Social Problems Of Modern Times - 2262 Words

Term Paper: Suicide Analysis of Ruslana Korshunova Amanda N. Martin Gallaudet University One of the largest known social problems of modern times affecting mankind one-way or another is suicide. It has become everyday news within the media reporting someone who has committed suicide for various reasons. Though every suicide has its own story, the most common reasons are related to a possible result of relationship failure, financial difficulties, and someone suffering from a mental illness such as depression. While suicide is frequently associated to bullied teens, it is also affecting those that are viewed by society as having lavish lifestyles, or the life many average citizens aspire to live. More celebrities are committing suicide as a way out of financial difficulties, alcohol or substance abuse disorders, and as previously mentioned, depression. Upon researching multiple celebrities who have attempted and/or successfully committed suicide, there was one popular figure that caught my attention and encouraged me to complete further research on her suicide. This part icular individual was known in the modeling industry as the â€Å"Russian Rapunzel† and having â€Å"great wells of beauty†. Ruslana Korshunova had the life that many twenty-year-old girls fantasized about. The society craved model, Ruslana, worked for some of the world’s highly coveted top designers and traveled to places like Milan, London, and Paris. She was a natural rising superstar whose beauty andShow MoreRelatedEmile Durkheim And Functionalism1449 Words   |  6 Pagesof the modern industrial world began in the nineteenth century, which was seen as a time of great social disturbance, caused primarily by the French and industrial revolutions. This is where sociology emerged as a separate discipline. 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The philosophers and great thinkers of the enlightenment changed the logic of the human mind for the better and propelled a period of mass advancement in all aspects of society. Western thought progressed over time to help build a more intellectual society. Modern philosophers such as Max Horkheimer and Immanu el Kant incorporated their views of Western Thought intoRead MoreWhat Is Modernity, And Is It A Helpful Concept For Understanding The World Today?851 Words   |  4 Pagesencapsulates various meanings and information. In the simplest, it is defined as the quality or condition of being modern. Modernity is associated with various features, such as bureaucracy, capitalism, industrialisation, urbanisation and vice versa. It is often characterised by comparing modern societies to premodern or postmodern ones, and the understanding of those non-modern social statuses. 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In understanding sociological analysis, this helps people to understand environmental and social impacts that could influence the framework of a society. The purpose of sociological analysis is to address the positive and negative influences that is taking place within a society while also addressing possible changes that can be implemented withinRead MoreThe Issue Of Same Sex Marriage And Homosexuality1082 Words   |  5 Pagesare symptoms of our culture’s problems, not the cause. The real problems emerge from other sources. These sources are philosophical in nature; they are ideas that govern learning, thinking, and doing. Those affected by these ideas may not even understand them; nonetheless, these ideas motivate and direct the reasoning of tens of millions of people. Presuppositions always work this way, and these presumptive ideas have been working throughout culture for some time. But such ideas are almost invisible

Identifying Trainining Resources Free Essays

UNIVERSITY OF BOTSWANA MASTER’S IN BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION MGT 745: HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT TOPIC: IDENTIFYING TRAINING RESOURCES Introduction This paper purports to outline steps needed to identify resources for training. It will illustrate the advantages and disadvantages of using different types of training drawing examples from the authors’ workplace experience. Resource could be defined as follows, â€Å"a source of supply, support, or aid, esp. We will write a custom essay sample on Identifying Trainining Resources or any similar topic only for you Order Now one that can be readily drawn upon when needed. â€Å"†¦The total means available to a company for increasing production or profit, including plant, labor, and raw material; assets. † http://dictionary. reference. com/browse/resources Resources can be defined as assets available and anticipated for operations. These include people (learners, facilitators/trainers/consultants), time, infrastructure, equipment, availability of training institutions, and availability of financial resources (money/funds). The kind of resources required depend on the type of training that is to be carried out. Hence the identification of training resources is a critical component of training/ learning effectiveness that can be manifested at the individual, team, and organisation level. It is therefore important to identify training resources as this allows training to make a difference that is noticeable; training with a practical value or utility to both employees and the organization. One key factor in employee motivation and retention is the opportunity to continue to grow and develop job and career enhancing skills. Employees need to be equipped to handle employee relations and responsibilities competently. Training in any organization needs resources to be executed or implemented effectively hence the need to draw up a budget that can be utilized. The major resource for training is financial, therefore the need for the department to have cost estimates for most of the training being investigated. For example at the Botswana Police Forensic Science Laboratory, every financial year when budget estimates are drawn for the lab, training is included in the budget. Courses that need immediate attention (as per the need of the lab or gap that exist) are listed together alongside estimated costs and length of the training. Institutions that offer the training, course content, length of training and costs are identified beforehand. This budget is then submitted to the training board of the Botswana Police Service for screening and approval. In the Department of Vocational Education and Training (DVET), short term training budget is decentralized to regional offices and the budget tends to be similar or vary slightly from the previous year whereas long term training budget is coordinated at head quarters. The implication is that short term training budget may not necessarily reconcile with any required training. The organization should also take cognizance of the fact that people learn in different ways, therefore the training has to match employee learning preferences which may help to speed up their training and reduce costs at the same time. Some considerations when identifying resources for training are: †¢ What areas need training to be conducted? i. e. identifying problem areas. †¢ Who needs training and in what area? †¢ How complex is the training that is needed? †¢ How much time do learners have to learn the new knowledge and skills? How much money is available to pay for the training, whether in-house or using a consultant? †¢ How capable are learners to undertake the training? †¢ What are learner’s learning preferences and styles? For example, in DVET training for the junior officers (industrial class) is normally done in Setswana. †¢ What institutions are available for tailored or the required training? †¢ Could training be conducted in house, on the job, outsourcing or in external institutions? And which method could suite learners? And benefit the organisation in a valuable and practical manner. Types of Training Resources Internal Training The types of training, classified as internal, external or a hybrid of the two have a bearing on the types of resources needed to implement. Internal training can be mentoring, coaching, seminars, workshops or classroom based training e. g. at the department of Government Printing, there is internal classroom based training whereby employees are taught within the department. The training is based on the theory and technical knowledge that the staff needs in order to improve their performance and prepare them for further training. This type of training requires a trainer, classroom, equipment such as projectors, television and video technologies. After completion of this internal training, qualifying employees are then sent for further training abroad for a higher learning programme. In the case of Printing, where there are no local institutions that offer training within the country, the department relies on colleges/universities based in the United Kingdom. The Department of Land Board Services in the Ministry of Lands and Housing mostly provide classroom based training, for example, on introduction to computers. This training is conducted mainly for the industrial class workforce to equip them with basic skills for working and operating computers. The resources used for this type of training include computers, Information Technology officers who conduct the training and the members of staff. At DVET regional offices most short term training programs are externally sourced where it is assumed that specialized courses for specific needs and in addition staff are given liberty to select training courses and institutions but subject to approval by supervisors and funds permitting. Other general training courses such as customer services improvement courses are selected by human resources officers as part of staff development. However, public sector reforms are cascaded internally form senior management to junior officers in consultation/ facilitation with performance improvement coordinators and funds have to be availed as a matter of priority, at times combining facilitators, equipment and funds across departments within the same ministry. It is essential to note that internal training is not as costly as external training which is one of its major advantages, as it is cost effective. Many businesses choose to train employees in-house (type of internal training) can offer a number of advantages over external training providers. Internal training can be: †¢ tailored to specific business’ needs †¢ scheduled for a time that suits business †¢ time effective – employees do not spend additional time or money traveling However, there are a number of disadvantages to note including some of the following: †¢ The possible tendency for employees not to take the training seriously especially if it is conducted by a core employee with low reputation within the organisation or has less to offer to other employees. Difficulties faced by the organisation to identify a suitable trainer or the necessary resources in-house / internally. †¢ The potential risk of passing or perpetuating existing inefficiencies or poor business practices For internal training to be effective, HR managers need to ensure they have the appropriate expertise and resou rces in-house. They will have to dedicate the necessary resources to training programmes. These resources could include management time, an experienced trainer, training or course materials, equipment such as PCs, telephones or machinery and space in which to carry out the training. To help expose and enhance the skills of internal trainer with less information to offer to learners, consideration should be given to send them on a train-the-trainer course to ensure their training methods and materials are up to date and effective. Alternatively, if there are no necessary skills in-house, HR managers could purchase off-the-shelf or tailor-made courses or choose whether to use an internal or external trainer to run the course. This should be supplemented by appropriate e-learning courses and investing in internal training support databses. There are tailor-made courses covering a wide range of topics, one should choose a course that meets organizational and employees needs. They can be targeted, confidential and cost a fraction of the price of sending each employee on an external scheme. ON- The- Job Training (OJT) Under internal training there is also On-the-job training (OJT): Having a person learns a job by actually doing the job. OJT methods Coaching/ understudy For example at the BPS Forensic lab, when new employees start work (newly employed), they first undergo intensive in-house training before they can be released to work independently. At first they circulate in all the sections of the lab to get an overview of what each section does, then after which they are sent to the relevant sections they were employed to join. This is where they are taken through intensive coaching on the tests that are carried out at that particular section. Trainees are taught the theory behind the tests done, shown how to do the actual tests, then do the tests themselves under the supervision of the facilitator (usually an experienced member of the section). At the end a supervisor assesses them both theoretically and practically. When they satisfy the required standard of performance, they are then allowed to work independently. At DVET coaching of new staff does not follow any uniform structure. The new staff members will be coached on the requirements of the job and will then conditions will require older staff in the field to assign tasks coach and supervise the new staff work. At DVET our coaching has advantage of making new staff get to know how to do work quickly, but has disadvantage of not being documented hence may not necessarily consistently follow any set guidelines. Job rotation Job rotation consists of moving a trainee from department to department to broaden his or her experience and identify strong and weak points, the method is inexpensive and provides an organisation with immediate feed back. In the Department of Culture and Youth, Performing arts Unit job rotation is widely used mainly because of lack of staff. An Arts Festival organizer and manager could be assigned perform information and systems analysis activities/ funds allocation / research and documentation activities. This has worked for the department through the years as the organisation is sure of continuity of its programmes despite the loss of any officer in certain specialty areas. One officer who was originally a Performing Arts research and documentation officer ended up being a systems analysis officer. The officer realized that he did not really enjoy his line of specialty hence could easily shift from one specialty to the next for the benefit of the organisation. Seminars and Workshops At the BPS Forensic Lab, some seminars/workshops are conducted for all the employees on certain subjects, e. g. Occupation Health and Safety workshops. Employees gather at a venue and a consultant/facilitator is sourced to deliver on the subject. However, for other workshops one or two employees are chosen to attend on behalf of the lab (especially for those that involve a wide range of participants from different labs/departments and charge expensive attendance fees). After the seminar/workshops the rep(s) share what they have learnt with other employees of the Forensic lab through presentations. They also produce a report which is sent to the Police HR department and a copy left with the Director, Forensic Science Services. At DVET seminar and workshops are the major methods used to enhance skills of staff for short term training. External Training External training has to do more with taking employees to an institution or a place outside the parameters of the working environment. Unlike internal training, this requires more and extensive preparation. It is also capital intensive as more money is needed to pay for accommodation, food, learning materials and other costs associated with training. The HR unit has to first identify appropriate institutions where they can send their employees and his takes time as one has to research on the place before making any decisions. After completing the research a database of these learning places is created so as to have readily available information on where to get what kind of training and at what cost. In identifying these training institutions, the HR unit can send out tenders/quotations to companies. In other cases, institutions themselves send out brochures o r call the organizations and advertise themselves. For example, BNPC and BOBS email their training programmes for the year to our department on matters relating to productivity and quality management. They also advertise on the newspapers. At DVET regional offices every year a compiled list of staff needs are sent to HR officers at head office who in turn prioritize and select officers from training. However, due concerns on transparency of the wholly exercise a training committee is about to start working on staff training, though its guidelines are yet to be finalized. Attachment An example of external training which may not be as costly is sending employees for attachments to other organizations that offer similar services or have advanced technology that you need to learn about. As some people learn better in a practical environment, so sending them for an attachment to an organization that offers the same or similar services will be vital. This kind of training is very cost effective because sometimes if it is done locally, not much money is spent. Example: The department of GPPS wanted to buy new equipment, an image-setter which we found was available at a local private printing house. One officer from the unit that uses the equipment was sent to that company for three months to learn how to operate the equipment. There was no money required as the company offered to help. The training was effective as the employees now assists in operating the equipment and was also able to teach colleagues in the same unit. Example of External training at the BPS Forensic Lab It comes in the following forms a) Attachment of Scientists to labs outside Botswana who have advanced technologies and expertise that ours. The scientists are sent there to learn how to do certain tests or how to operate certain machinery. When they come back, they teach other members of the section, make presentations to the whole lab, and produce a report. b) Short courses (e. g. o obtain certificates on certain operations), Masters’s Degrees in Forensic Science as well as PHD’s in Forensic Science. These courses are offered outside Botswana (no local institution offers courses on Forensics at present), and in many instances people are sent to the UK or the USA. The skills that they acquire in their training are also shared by teaching others what they learnt and also come up wi th better ways of doing things. They also submit reports and make presentations. Apprenticeship training It is a structured process by which people become skilled workers through a combination of classroom instruction and on-the-job training. At the University of Botswana this is done mainly by the engineering department. Students spend time in the classroom learning there after take a semester or 2 working on attachment with DeBeers or any engineering company. This method is advantageous because it links work experience with the learning experience hence preparing a learner to be ready for the workplace. Furthermore, to cut cost in external resource training  an HR Manager should plan ahead to cut costs. That way the manager could be able to send or book a course for a larger group of people to get discounts. Or could send one person on a training course and ask them to teach others in the business. Or take up free offers and cheap training from providers of new machinery and systems. How to identify External Resources Important Steps for identifying external resources drawn from the authors’ various workplaces, 1) List all institutes that offer training and information about them that is location, contacts, type of workshops, Etc. There are many institutes offering training courses, workshops and programs. With the advent of the Internet, many sites also offer free or chargeable online training. ) List key training areas offered by each institute 3) Relate each training area to employees’ needs, competencies and capabilities identified earlier. 4) List web sites that offer free or chargeable online training and maintain up to date information. 5) Correspond with institutes to keep the Department up to date. The advantages of using training providers are: †¢ they are sp ecialists †¢ they can bring you up to date on current best practice and new ideas †¢ employees may interact with counterparts in other companies †¢ employees may learn better away from their usual work environment The disadvantages: it is difficult to know the ability and subject knowledge of the trainer †¢ putting an entire team through training at the same time can disrupt your business †¢ they are more costly than delivering internally †¢ the training may not be specific to your particular business †¢ Not up to date lists of institutions will lead to loss of time when training is required. †¢ Limited knowledge in what is available in terms of training may lead to misconceptions about what the staff may require in terms of their training. E-learning and distance learning courses: There are different types of distance learning methods including correspondence courses and e-learning courses. Some courses may be completed online while others might incorporate study books, CD-ROMs or audio and video tapes backed up by student tutorials and seminars. Distance education and E – learning are therefore advantageous because they †¢ allow employees to complete training while remaining in employment †¢ can be completed at a time to suit the business and employees †¢ are cheaper than externally provided courses are available for a wide range of business topics †¢ Offer recognized qualifications from entry level diplomas and certificates to post-graduate degrees. Training via the Internet: Using the internet or proprietary internal intranets to facilitate computer-based training. University of Botswana has recently established an E-Learning e. g. WEBCT, programme whereby students and staff could learn th rough internet/ intranet. This type of computer based learning carry the Advantages of reduced learning time, cost-effectiveness and consistency in instruction material, methods and presentation. The University also has distance programmes offering Degree in business studies and Diploma in Primary Teaching Education. Radio/ Teletraining: A trainer in a central location teaches groups of employees at remote/ or different locations via TV hookups. This is mainly used by Ministry of Education especially through radio. As a teacher one experience radio lessons whereby both students are taught through radio and instructions are given to the teacher as to how or what to provide to the students. Videoconferencing: Interactively training employees who are geographically separated from each other—or from the trainer—via a combination of audio and visual equipment. One recalls a situation whereby, students who studied Music at University of Natal – Petermarisburg campus from 1999 – 2000 experienced video conferencing. At the time the University, currently known as Univesrsity of Kwazulu Natal, offered Music Degree at the Durban Campus, which then disadvantaged students in petermarisburg. Therefore the University devised the video conferencing to train Petermarisburg students in music courses from Durban campus. While lesson were on process in Durban Petermarisburg students also experienced an interactive and learning process of the same class through video conferencing. Conclusion While internal training is important and can be invaluable in some areas of development, the external training process can add interest, give a greater breadth of experience and working practices, and equally important is the freedom to be able to choose a course and a style of learning that is suitable for each individual, rather than the department or team as a whole. Each individual member of the workforce will have different needs, both in terms of the type of training they require, the level of training and of course the time needed to train. Pitman Training for example, offers flexible learning, which means companies can guarantee each of their employees is meeting their individual achievements and targets, while fitting in their study at a time which suits them. Training can be done at their convenience, without having to sacrifice time at work and also without upsetting that all important work-life balance. Possibly the biggest benefit of drawing on the expertise of an external trainer such as Pitman Training, is the attraction of gaining a nationally recognized certification – providing your staff with confidence that they’re receiving quality training, and your company the knowledge that it has quality trained staff All types of training resources seem to carry advantages and disadvantages; this study recommends that an organisation should choose training resources according to its learner’s needs and capabilities. Organizations could outsource trainers who would make the learning meaningful; skills transfer easy and motivate the learner. Outsourcing has the advantage of quickly addressing specific needs, and easier to coordinate but has the disadvantage of being relatively expensive. Organizations could also broaden employee’s skills through on job training and in house seminars, workshops as well as forums and short courses to save on time and cost since time is an essential tool for effective production and success of the organisation. It is advised that organizations should purchase training resources such as laptops, projectors, mobile screen, flip charts, markers, and conference room etc for in house training to be efficient and effective and cost effective. Therefore this paper concludes that there is no best method of training resources but it mostly relies on the needs and capabilities of an organisation. Hence an organisation should choose what is best for it and also consider balancing all the methods provided in this paper. REFERENCES http://dictionary. reference. com/browse/resources Training Development: Fertile Ground for BPO. IDC, May 2003 [pic] ———————– [pic] How to cite Identifying Trainining Resources, Papers

To Kill A Mockingbird Loosing Innocence free essay sample

People can get away with killing pigeons, cardinals, and blue jays, but it is a sin to kill a mockingbird. A mockingbird wouldn’t hurt anything; it’s only purpose is to sing songs for the everyday people. Jem and Scout had to restrain from shooting the mockingbirds due to their father’s warning. The novel To Kill a Mockingbird, written by Harper Lee, is written from the view point of a little girl, Scout, in the 1930’s during the Great Depression. Her father, Atticus, is assigned a court case where he has to defend an African American that is accused of raping and assaulting a white woman. While her dad is away at work, Scout, her older brother Jem, and summertime friend Dill try to make their mysterious and perhaps dangerous neighbor, Boo Radley, come out of his house. A major theme throughout the novel is loss of innocence. When people lose their innocence it changes their viewpoint on life. It also can cause them to have a sudden realization that can mess with their emotions, which causes them to have a new outlook on life. In To Kill a Mocking Bird, all of the characters lose their innocence one way or another, and it has given them a more mature viewpoint of life. First, Jem lost his innocence, and it made him very troubled. Next, Boo Radley lost his innocence, and it caused him to look out for Scout and Jem. Lastly, Scout lost her innocence, and it caused her to learn that life isn’t fair. First, Jem lost his innocence when Atticus unfairly lost the court case even though it was clear that he should’ve won. All of the evidence in the case was in Tom’s favor, but since this case took place in the 1930’s down south any jury was going to rule against any black man. Jem didn’t understand that, though. Jem only looked at the facts, not what they look like or the race of Tom. Scout looked at him in the court room when they were receiving the verdict, â€Å"I peaked at Jem: his hands were white from gripping the balcony rail, and his shoulders jerked as if each ‘guilty’ was a separate stab between them† (Lee 211). At first, Jem didn’t understand why the jury could convict a clearly innocent man. Eventually Jem began to realize that even though all the evidence could be in favor of an African American, the jury is going to rule against him due to the color of their skin because that was the racist mindset down south during the 1930’s. Although Jem understood it, he didn’t agree with it. After the verdict was given he was talking with Miss Maudie â€Å"it’s like bein’ a caterpillar in a cocoon, that’s what it is. Like somethin’ asleep wrapped up in a warm place. I always thought Maycomb folks were the best folks in the world, least that’s what they seemed like† (Lee 288). By Jem coming out of his cocoon he must face the cruelties of reality and abandon the shielded world that Atticus has created for his children, which became a big challenge for him when entering manhood. Jem matured when he learned that people can’t always get what they want, and the innocent don’t always prevail. Secondly, Boo lost his innocence when he left the comfort of his house to protect and care for Jem and Scout and when the children realized that he actually exists. All of his life he was locked up inside of his house by his father because in his teenage years he ran into trouble with the law, and his father didn’t really know what to do with him. The people of Maycomb never heard or saw him so they assumed he was a mysterious freak, dead, or in Jem’s case, â€Å"Boo was about six and a half feet tall, judging from his tracks; he dined on raw squirrels and any cats he could catch†¦ long jagged scar that ran across his face†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Lee 16). Nobody really knew anything about Boo, causing the children to make wild assumptions that aren’t true. However, All of Scout and Jem’s life, Boo was looking out for them. After the fire at Miss Maudie’s house Atticus explained to Scout that, â€Å"Boo Radley. You were so busy looking at the fire you didn’t know it when he put the blanket around you† (Lee 96). Boo Radley doesn’t do much, but when he does it’s a big deal. He usually just locks himself up in the loneliness of his house, so when Scout found out that he was right behind her she made a huge deal about it. Boo always has the best intentions for Jem and Scout and he only leaves the house to watch after them. Boo was continuously leaving little hints for the children to know about his existence. First he was leaving hints with the items he left in the tree for them, then he put the blanket on Scout. Boo is also responsible for saving the lives of Scout and Jem. â€Å"Thank you for my children, Arthur† (Lee 370). Boo finally revealed himself to the children when he saved them from Bob Ewell trying to kill them. Since Boo grew up with never leaving the house very much, when Boo finally did leave his house he grew up. He would have to deal with a new environment. He matured when he had the courage to leave the house and not be in â€Å"his element†, which would be in the darkness and loneliness of his house. Lastly, Scout lost her innocence when she realized that Boo Radley exists and when she walked him home for the first and final time. Most of Scout’s childhood revolved around trying to get Boo to come out of his house, so when she finally met him her childhood was practically over. The big mystery of Boo Radley was solved. Scout even admitted that, â€Å"there wasn’t much else for us to learn, expect possibly algebra† (Lee 374). Once she met Boo there wasn’t really anything else for her to learn because her childhood was focused around getting Boo to come out. Also, when Scout lost her innocence it caused her to step in Boo’s shoes and see/feel from his viewpoint. â€Å"Atticus was right, one time he said you never really know a man until you stand in his shoes and walk around in them. Just standing on the Radley porch was enough† (Lee 374). Scout decided to follow her father’s advice and act like an adult about things. Instead of Scout judging Boo for what he’s done all these years, she decided to understand what he’s gone through by stepping in his shoes by standing on his porch and imagine what he’s seen by looking out his window. She imagined him looking out the front window watching the children and neighborhood do different things throughout each season during the year. This changed her because she realized that someone who never comes out of their house could know everything they ever wanted to by just looking, it made Scout think that Boo was actually a person. A very good person, that is. Scout also realized that no matter how mysterious or creepy a person can seem, they’re totally different once you get to know them or take a walk in their shoes. Scout matured when she found out that Boo actually exists and when she acted like an adult and stepped into Boo’s shoes and saw what he saw all these years of watching the children grow up. In conclusion, Jem, Boo, and Scout all matured one way or another when they lost their innocence. Throughout the book, they all encountered many things that caused them to lose their innocence. Jem matured when he lost his innocence by learning that you can’t always get what you want and the innocent don’t always prevail. Boo matured when he lost his innocence by leaving his house to protect the children. Lastly, Scout matured when she lost her innocence by learning that Boo actually exists and when she stepped into Boo’s shoes and saw what he saw. Jem and Scout lost their innocence way too soon and Boo lost his innocence late in life. But, you can’t go through life without losing it and maturing. Losing their innocence gave everyone a more mature outlook on life, it also will affect the rest of their life by how they think and act. No more mockingbirds shall die, just listen to them sing.

The women empowerment campaign in India

Introduction There are different types or forms of marketing strategies that organizations may adopt, for instance, campaigns among others. The campaign is one of the most common marketing strategies adopted by service provider organizations around the globe. Reaching the target group within a short time is easy through campaigns. Campaigns enable organizations and companies to easily reach the target groups within a short time, and using reasonable resources. This is a campaign audit on the women empowerment in India.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The women empowerment campaign in India specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Situational analysis Campaign audit Auditing of campaigns is one of the elements of effective management. It is the duty of the management team to audit campaigns. Campaigns are audited to ensure that the goals and objectives of the given campaign were achieved within the stated deadline during initiation and planning process. Different campaigns have different goals and objectives and time frame expected for their completion. This campaign was on women empowerment in India. India is one of the fastest developing countries around the globe. In most developing countries, such as India, women and girls are not given equal opportunities to realize their potential. Management is considered to be the highest rank or level in most organizations. The human resource team should provide fair ground for gender competition during recruitment and selection process (Snyder, 2002). It has clearly illustrated that woman empowerment cannot only be achieved in the job market, but through implementation of innovative ideas that can assist the company in achieving its goals and objectives too. Moreover, it has clearly indicated and illustrated that women can develop new business ideas that can contribute to increased economic activities. Additionally, the campaign was aimed at promoting gen der equality by encouraging gender balance in all organizations and at all levels of management. The campaign encourages the human resource team to develop strategies that create fair recruitment and selection process. This is important for encouraging gender equality, which has also affected women empowerment in most developing countries (Melkote, 2002). Aims and objectives of strategy This campaign had as an objective women empowerment and gender equality promotion. Women are not able to take top management jobs in the economy because they are not honored professionally. This has killed their professional honor in the job market. Furthermore, education provision is not available to many women around the globe.Advertising Looking for report on gender studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The male child is given priority in education in most developing countries around the globe, which has led to the gender education imbala nce. However, this campaign aims at eliminating education imbalance, and promoting equal education provision among male and female children in the society, especially in developing countries (Atkins Freimuth, 2001). The campaign has designed a strategy to prove that women are equal to men, and girls should be given equal opportunities to learn. Education is the differentiating factor between men and women in the job market. The job market has a higher percentage of men in top management. Furthermore, a larger percentage of the working population is men. This can be controlled or addressed through the provision of education to women. Employers and organizations consider academic qualification during employment, which enables most men to land top management positions. This campaign will minimize women honor killing and encourage education provision among women to increase their chances of landing high profile jobs (Melkote, 2002). The population of men and women are not equal in Indi a. This is due to the increased abortion cases. Generally, most of the aborted fetuses are girls. Girls are aborted by most women in India due to the discrimination that women and girls are facing. This has led to unwillingness to give birth to a girl child, as a girl is considered to be a â€Å"financial burden† to the family. A female child should be given equal opportunity to live like a male child. The large number of men in India has also intensified the women discrimination in the country. However, this campaign promotes gender equality and women empowerment. This will enhances the status of female children in the country. Moreover, this will encourage women to give birth to girls due to equality and fairness between men and women. Additionally, this will discourage abortion of girl fetuses and will lead to increased girl child birth (UNDP.org, 2009). Lessons from previous and current activities implemented in terms of identity There are several avenues that campaigns c an use effectively, for instance, social media and networking. Social media and network have led to successful implementation and completion of several organizational strategies. The target groups are easily reached within a short time at reasonable costs using social networking and media such as Facebook and Twitter among others.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The women empowerment campaign in India specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This strategy is easily implemented as people spend most of their free time on social sites. The campaign on social network and media was successfully launched and implemented. Social network and media have also enabled other companies and organizations to market their goods and services to the target groups using network and Internet services. Moreover, it is easy to receive direct and reliable feedback from customers and target groups through social networks and media because it allows marketers to deal with customers, clients and target individuals at an individual level. It also enables effective and appropriate response to individual inquiry, which leads to improved operations and implementation of strategies. Social network and media have also enabled several organizations to achieve their goals and objectives within the stated deadline. Additionally, the campaign also benefited from social networking and media, which leads us to a conclusion that social network and media should be used to attract attention of people to the issues of women rights and equality in the developing countries, due to the number of people using social networking, and media for marketing, and searching information about different goods and services (Atkins Freimuth, 2001). Target audience The decision of an audience depends on the nature of marketing and intended purpose of a campaign. This campaign intends to encourage women empowerment around the globe. There are certain age groups that may not take keen interest in women empowerment because they do not understand the reasons for such a concern. This campaign should target mature women and men. This age group is appropriate because men and women above the age of 16 are well informed on the disadvantages of gender inequality. Moreover, it is at the age of 16 that individuals become exposed to global issues such as gender inequality because they become involved in the real world situation. In India, 16 years and above is considered a mature and adult age. This is an age range that individuals seek employment, and face the challenges such as gender inequality and unfair recruitment and selection processes. This issue must be addressed by mature men and women in the population because it spread and cultivated by mature men and women in the society. Therefore, the most appropriate age range that was targeted by the campaign is mature men and women. From the age of 16, most women and men experience the chall enges of gender inequality and the need for women empowerment. The highest population in India that seeks employment is at the age of 16 (Melkote, 2002). This is a challenge facing mature men and women, and should be addressed to reduce the increased number of girl fetuses’ abortions and discrimination of women in the work places and the society at large. The target group should therefore encourage fairness to enable realization of the goals and objectives of the campaign.Advertising Looking for report on gender studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More What the target group should think and feel Women should be able to defend their right for education. In the recent past, education has been considered a basic need around the globe. This is due to the increased need for education and literacy level experienced around the globe. Furthermore, educated individuals have the right to earn employment positions that they qualify despite of their gender. However, gender balance is not considered in most developing countries during the selection and recruitment process. There are certain employment positions, especially top management that are considered male positions hence women cannot be considered for them. Generally, women are not considered for such positions due to the number of highly qualified male employees in the job market. However, the campaign has an objective of ensuring that women feel equal and has the right to employment and education. This can be achieved by ensuring that women are educated and attain the required educati on experience and qualification for different management positions in the job market. Therefore, the campaign aims at ensuring that women have the right to work and education. Right to work can be exploited if the right to education is granted. Furthermore, right to education can be enjoyed by women if gender equality is considered around the globe, especially among developing states because this is one of the major challenges facing these countries (Snyder, 2002). Gender inequality is a serious challenge in some developing states, for instance, India. In countries such as India, women face discrimination to an extent that they face death threats due to their gender. This has also led to unwillingness to give birth to a girl child in such states and increased girl fetus abortion. Unequal treatment among women is a serious challenge among developing states that must be addressed to ensure fairness and equality. Developed countries promote fairness and gender balance in the working en vironment and socially. This has led to the increased economic activities and developments among such states. On the other hand, gender inequality and discrimination among women have contributed to underdevelopment and low quality of life or poor living standards because the potential of individuals is not fully exploited towards the development of the respective state or country. Women may be having the potential to make several changes in the economic policies and development, but not contribute as expected due to discrimination and gender inequality among developing countries. There are several significant contributions of women globally that have been realized in developing countries. However, developing countries are not able to realize the potential of women due to discrimination and gender inequality. Therefore, the target group should consider the global contributions of women in developed countries, and encourage gender equality to ensure they achieve their full potential ( UNDP.org, 2009). Key messages Campaigns have themes that dominate the entire process. Organizations and individuals expect to achieve the main goal and objective of a campaign. Generally, a campaign is considered successful if the goals and objectives of the respective campaign are achieved within the stated deadline or time frame. This is a campaign for women empowerment. However, there are several goals and objectives that were intended to be achieved within a specific time to ensure women are empowered in developing states or countries. According to the strategy of the company, women are empowered if the following goals and objectives are achieved; Honor killing among women is eradicated or minimized. Women are given equal educational opportunities like en to gain required academic qualifications required in the job market. Girl fetus abortion is eradicated or reduced to give girls an equal opportunity to live like a boy child. Women are given equal opportunities to seek higher employment positions in the job market based on their academic qualification and work experience. Equality among men and women is encouraged and applied in the distribution of resources and mutual living in the society (Atkins Freimuth, 2001). If the above conditions are achieved and realized in the society of a developing state or country, then women empowerment can be realized. Although certain persons argue that there is no reason to empower women, especially in developing countries, there is a great need to ensure that women and men are equal in the society because they both have the potential to contribute to the development of states through improved policies and innovative thinking and implementation. Therefore, the main communication or message of the campaign is to empower women and promote gender equality. However, this can be achieved by ensuring that women honor killing is eradicated or minimized, girl fetus abortion is decreased or eradicated to give girls equal oppor tunity to live just like boys, women are given the opportunity to learn and enhance their academic qualification, and women are given equal opportunities during recruitment and selection process. This will ensure equality between women and men in the society (UNDP.org, 2009). Theory, design identity Needs of the target audience Equality and women empowerment is a serious challenge in most developing states or countries. This has led to poor living standards and inability to realize the full potential of the population of a state. This campaign targets individuals from 16 years and above. There are several reasons why mature persons are the target group of the campaign. However, the factor that must be considered is the maturity of the target group. Women empowerment and gender equality is a global concern and a matter of great importance. Therefore, target group must mature to adequately understand the problem of gender inequality in the society, and especially among developing stat es. The following factors must be considered among the target group to ensure that the goals and objectives of the campaign are achieved within the stated deadline. Moreover, the campaign should be able to change the perception of the target group and advocate for women empowerment and gender equality (Coffman, 2002). The teenage society needs to understand that they need to get educated so they can have jobs. Education is a determinant factor in the job market because education level and qualification is considered during the recruitment and selection process. Human resource departments design jobs based on academic qualifications and working experience among others. Employees are hired considering their qualifications and organizational needs of the respective company. Women education meets opposition by the elders in most communities in developing countries. Elders in developing states should be enlightened on the importance of equality between boy and girl children to promote wo men empowerment and gender equality in the respective countries. The world is a part of the global ecosystem. Therefore, it should be balanced to ensure comfortable living. States or countries that have a higher population of men or women tend to face several challenges that hinder their ability to achieve their goals and objectives. Gender equity should be encouraged to enable population balance. There are certain countries with imbalanced population because the number of men is higher than that of women, for example, China. China boasts of high labor turnover currently due to the high GDP the country, and the percentage of the working population, which has a reduced dependency ratio. China expects low labor turnover in the near future due to the high number of men compared to women (Melkote, 2002). The main reason why girls are not allowed to attain education is because of the fear and perception of elders in the community that if a girl is going to work, she will not listen to he r family’s word which in turn can lead to honor killing to cleanse the family’s name. Hence, those particular societies need to be educated more. Respect is a virtue that is acquired individually and not based on gender. Furthermore, the people in Australia need to help with either having charities to raise money, or help set up an education system. Alternatively, they may help or assist by donating money (Gumucio-Dagron Tufte, 2006). What the target audience should be doing The target audience is expected to embrace women empowerment and encourage gender equality. There are several duties that the target audience, for instance, India and China are expected to do to ensure that the goals and objectives of the campaign are achieved within the stated deadline. The Indian community can see the awareness that is being created and they might change their perspective about women in general and in educational sector. Australians, however can go to India and help set up a sch ool to educate or try to find a way to raise awareness. Also, help by raising money or giving as little as $1 to help set up an educational system there (Atkins Freimuth, 2001). The benefits that the target audience will gain by changing their current behavior The target group or audience is expected to benefit from the campaign if they encourage women empowerment and gender equality. There are several advantages or benefits that the target audience will gain, for instance, end the imbalance in the population, end poverty because if women get an education they can get a job and provide for their homes which in turn will boost the country’s economy. Women can also start feeling safe (UNDP.org, 2009). The current beliefs and attitudes, and the barriers that must be overcome Women are not equal to men; hence they can’t work or get an education. Women that usually refuse arranged marriages are killed in the name of honor. Pregnant women get rid of female fetus because the y want a boy instead because in Indian tradition, the family of the bride usually pays for the wedding and her dowry, so they are seen as expensive to maintain. Nonetheless, there will be barriers that need to be overcome, as it is hard to change a society’s mind when they are so based on tradition because change is not always welcomed. Secondly, language barriers can create a problem in communicating and getting a point across. Lastly, cultural norms might clash with the way the problem is being approached (Gumucio-Dagron Tufte, 2006). Designing identity usage audit Communication channels to be used in the campaign The campaign targets a large audience that is distributed globally. The audience is large because there are several developing states around the globe. This will require an effective channel to reach the target audience and achieve the goals and objectives of the campaign. The communication channels that will be used for the campaign to ensure the target audience is reached are personal communication, television and internet sources such as Twitter, YouTube and Facebook (Gumucio-Dagron Tufte, 2006). Where the identity will be applied When designing a communication message, using of identity is important to ensure that the target audience is reached. A target audience is reached easily if they can identify with the message of the campaign. The target audience is India, therefore the identity will be applied in the name, and for example, India is known for its gold. This will enable the target audience to easily identify with the campaign and assist in the achievement of the goals and objectives of the campaign in the state (Gumucio-Dagron Tufte, 2006). Other brands that the campaign will identify to work under or with The channels that have been decided to be used in the campaign require brand to work with or under to ensure that the goals and objectives of the campaign are achieved within the stated deadline. Considering the chosen channe ls for the implementation of the campaign, the most appropriate channel to enhance the achievements of the goals and objectives of the campaign is social networking. Generally, social networking can be used effectively with the internet services such as Twitter, YouTube and Facebook to ensure that the goals and objectives of the campaign are achieved (Gumucio-Dagron Tufte, 2006). Message audit Key messages communicated by the campaign The main message of the campaign is promoting women empowerment and gender equality. There are several objectives that are designed to assist in effective communication of the main message of the campaign. The objectives that have been designed to aid in the communication of the main message are decreasing girl fetus abortion, providing equal education opportunities for girl children, providing equality in the recruitment and selection process and encouraging gender balance and equity. These assist in the communication for the need of empowering women and promoting gender equality, which is the main message of the campaign. Therefore, the main message that suits the entire campaign is education to promote equality (Atkins Freimuth, 2001). Logo creation Creation of a logo for the campaign will be important to ensure the target group easily access and identify the campaign online. There are several campaigns that have been launched globally to advocate for women empowerment and gender equality. These organizations work towards the achievement of the same goal but addresses different regions and audience around the globe. We intend to use channels such as internet, television and personal communication. This will require a logo to improve visibility and establish an identity in the global community. Creation of a logo is important to be easily identified because there may be other organizations with a similar name as our organization. The only way to differentiate our organization from others using the same name is a logo. After f urther consultations, we have decided to name our campaign Golden Justice. There are several reasons that led to the development of the name, Golden Justice (Snyder, 2002). Conclusion The main reason is consideration of the audience. Our main audience is India. India is globally known for its gold according to the message we have used to easily identify with the audience. Therefore, using the name Golden Justice implies or reflects gender equality or education for equality in India. The word ‘golden’ is used to easily identify with the audience, while justice is used to identify with the theme of the campaign, educations for equality, and the goals and objectives of the campaign, which are encouraging gender equality and women empowerment among developing states. References Atkins, C., Freimuth, V. (2001). Formative Evaluation Research in Campaign Design. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications. Coffman, J. (2002). Public Communication Campaign Evaluation: An Environmental Sc an of Challenges, Criticisms, Practice and Opportunities. Cambridge: MA: Harvard Family Research Project. Gumucio-Dagron, A., Tufte, T. (2006). Communication for Social Change Anthology: Historical and Contemporary Readings. New Jersey: Communication for Social Change Consortium (CFSC). Melkote, S. R. (2002). Theories of Development Communication in Gudykunst. New Delhi: Sage Publications. Snyder, L. B. (2002). Development Communication Campaigns in Gudykunst. New Delhi: Sage Publications. UNDP.org. (2009). About MDG: Basics, Goals, targets and Indicators. Web. This report on The women empowerment campaign in India was written and submitted by user Amelia Morin to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Abraham Lincoln and the Self-Made Myth essays

Abraham Lincoln and the Self-Made Myth essays An ambitious ascent from a poor Illinois farm boy to occupying the highest political office during one of Americas most turbulent times makes for the literature of hero worship. In the essay entitled Abraham Lincoln the self-made myth Rich Hofstadter challenges the reader to penetrate beneath the surface of the American political tradions and investigate the event and actions that contributed to the Lincoln Myth. To begin with Hofstadter states that one of Lincolns most endearing qualisties to Americans was his humble origins and the fact that, Lincoln was a preeminent example of that self-help which Americans have always so admired, (121). But he further goes on to state that Lincoln used this to his advantage. First in his campaign speeches always eluding to himself as humble Abraham Lincoln and in the way he addressed his own wife in public as mother (122). He received distinguished guests in shirtsleeves, and once during his presidency hailed a soldier out of the ranks with the cry, Bub! Bub! The concept of the self-made, simple man played well with the American public thus became fully absorbed into his political being, (124). Historical novels and fictionalized biographies about Lincoln would be amiss of the greater portion of its contents were not dedicated to the slavery issue. Many only give, a tiresome celebration of the America past with a progressive interpretation of American history of her-worship and national self-congratulation, (Forward 2). In Hostadters essay he discusses the slavery issue not with a sentimental approach but with critical analysis. Lincoln was a Southerner by birth. He grew up in communities in Illinois where slavery was rare. Laws against runaway slaves were in force when Lincoln served in the state legislature. It was here that Lincoln made his first public statement on slavery by voting against a proslavery ...

Explicación sencilla del sistema educativo en EE.UU.

Explicacià ³n sencilla del sistema educativo en EE.UU. Para los recià ©n llegados a Estados Unidos, el sistema educativo es uno de los grandes misterios y uno de los temas que ms inquietudes plantea. Para navegarlo exitosamente es importante entender los puntos bsicos de la educacià ³n obligatoria. En este artà ­culo se resuelven dudas sobre quà © aà ±os comprende la educacià ³n obligatoria, tipos de escuelas, cules son los grados y, finalmente, temas especiales como estatus migratorio y escuelas pà ºblicas, alimentos, educacià ³n especial, etc. Aà ±os de educacià ³n obligatoria en EE.UU.: K-12 En Estados Unidos la educacià ³n es obligatoria entre los grados K-12, esto quiere decir, entre kindergarten -preescolar- al grado 12. Lo que no es tan claro es a quà © edad se debe comenzar en kindergarten y a cul finalizar los estudios obligatorios ya que cada estado establece sus propias reglas. Pero en general puede decirse que en algà ºn punto entre los 5 y los 8 aà ±os los nià ±os deben escolarizarse y deben estudiar hasta los 16 o, en algunos estados, 18-19 aà ±os. Por ejemplo, en California es obligatoria la enseà ±anza entre las edades de 6 y 18 aà ±os, pero se permite dejar de estudiar a los 16 si el estudiante se ha graduado de high school o ha obtenido el tà ­tulo equivalente que se conoce como CHSPE y, adems, tiene el permiso de sus padres. Por otro lado, en Connecticut la educacià ³n es obligatoria entre los 5 y los 18 aà ±os, permitiendo la ley multas y cargos delictivos contra los padres que no envà ­an a sus hijos a las escuelas.  ¿Dà ³nde deben escolarizarse los nià ±os? Estados Unidos brinda un amplio abanico de posibilidades para enviar a las escuelas a nià ±os, desde escuelas pà ºblicas y todas sus variedades o privadas y todas las diferentes opciones, pasando por educacià ³n en casa. Segà ºn el Centro Nacional de Estadà ­sticas para la Educacià ³n, 50.700.000 estudiantes estudian en escuelas pà ºblicas, es decir, la mayorà ­a de los pupilos en edad de estudios obligatorios. Las escuelas pà ºblicas se caracterizan por: ser gratuitas para los estudianteslos fondos provienen del gobierno federal, el estado, el condado, la municipalidad o una combinacià ³n de variosestn obligadas a admitir a los estudiantes que habitualmente residen en el distrito escolar En algunos estados se permite que los padres puedan elegir escuela. Tambià ©n es frecuente que se permitan alternativas a los padres cuando la calidad de las escuelas del lugar donde residen deja mucho que desear en cuanto a calidad, mediante el sistema que se conoce como voucher. Existen varios tipos de escuelas pà ºblicas. En primer lugar, estn las regulares. Algunas son excelentes. Adems de las regulares, estn las chapter, que son escuelas que funcionan con fondos pà ºblicos pero que son gestionadas privadamente por empresas, por cooperativas de maestros o, incluso, por padres o por comunidades. Existe una importante diferencia en calidad de la enseà ±anza entre distintas escuelas chapters, por lo que si esa es la opcià ³n de los padres es muy conveniente que investiguen antes de registrar a sus hijos. Adems, estn las escuelas pà ºblicas conocidas como magnet, que son escuelas pà ºblicas que destacan por su excelencia acadà ©mica. Se especializan en un rea acadà ©mica en particular. Las magnet se caracterizan por asegurar la diversidad à ©tnica y racial de sus estudiantes.  En esta base de datos se puede ver cules son las mejor calificadas en todo Estados Unidos, permitià ©ndose una bà ºsqueda por estados. Por otro lado, tambià ©n existen varios tipos de escuelas privadas en las que en la actualidad estudian poco menos de 6 millones de alumnos.  En este tipo de escuelas los estudiantes envà ­an una solicitud y deben esperar a ver si son admitidos. Asimismo, deben pagar por sus estudios, aunque hay casos en los que hay becas disponibles para los mejores estudiantes sin recursos econà ³micos. En Estados Unidos, donde 1 de cada 3 high schools son privadas, existen los siguientes tipos de escuelas de esta naturaleza: En primer lugar, estn las Escuelas independientes, que no pueden recibir fondos de grupos religiosos, aunque pueden tener una estrecha relacià ³n con ellos. Hay menos de 2,000 pero se encuentran dentro de esta categorà ­a las famosas  Phillips Academy  Andover, con un excelente sistema de becas para  estudiantes excelentes pero sin recursos,  y Exeter. En segundo lugar, hay escuelas parroquiales, que estn estrechamente vinculadas con una iglesia y son muy populares, conformando el mayor nà ºmero de escuelas privadas. En los Estados Unidos la mayorà ­a son catà ³licas, aunque tambià ©n las hay protestantes y judà ­as. Un aspecto a tener en cuenta es que son, en general, notablemente ms baratas que las escuelas independientes. En tercer lugar, destacar las escuelas privadas con fin de lucro, que se conocen en inglà ©s como proprietary schools.   Por à ºltimo, existe una alternativa a las escuelas pà ºblicas y a las privadas: la escolaridad en casa y es que en los Estados Unidos ms de un millà ³n y medio de estudiantes reciben la educacià ³n en sus casas, lo que se conoce como home schooling,  actuando como profesores sus padres, maestros-tutores contratados o, incluso, siguiendo cursos completos por internet. Los requerimientos en cuanto a la obligacià ³n de notificar esta opcià ³n de enseà ±anza, rendir exmenes o curriculum a seguir varà ­a enormemente entre los diferentes estados, por lo que es necesario informarse en profundidad de las reglas que rigen en el lugar de residencia habitual.    ¿Cà ³mo se dividen las escuelas por grados? Es muy comà ºn encontrar estos tipos de escuelas: En primer lugar, Primaria, conocida en inglà ©s como elementary school. Los muchachos estudian hasta los grados 5to o 6to, dependiendo de los distritos. Como regla general, hasta que tienen 11-12 aà ±os. En segundo lugar, Intermediaria, conocida en inglà ©s como middle school y tambià ©n como junior high. No existe en todos los distritos y donde sà ­ la hay, hay variacià ³n en los grados que la componen, siendo comà ºn que comprenda 4to, 5to y 6to grado. Se trata de un paso intermedio entre la primaria y la secundaria. En tercer lugar, Secundaria, conocida en inglà ©s como high school. comprende los grados 9 a 12 y comienza a la edad de 14-15 aà ±os. Hay una gran variedad de tipos de high school, como las especializadas en preparar para college y universidad, especiales, vocacionales  o alternativas. Las personas que alcanzan los 19 aà ±os de edad y no han obtenido el diploma de high school pueden sacar una certificacià ³n alternativa. La ms conocida es el GED, que tambià ©n se puede rendir en espaà ±ol. Pero hay otras opciones, dependiendo de los estados, como por ejemplo el TASC y el HiSET. Adems, en el caso de los mexicanos es posible obtener el certificado de bachillerato de Mà ©xico sin salir de los Estados Unidos.  ¿Quà © hay sobre la educacià ³n temprana  o pre-k? La educacià ³n temprana  no es obligatoria pero se brinda en un buen nà ºmero de escuelas pà ºblicas y privadas. Comienza a partir de los 3 aà ±os y el programa Head Start promueve la participacià ³n de nià ±os de bajos recursos. Los padres o tutores interesados deben consultar con las opciones en su lugar de residencia, ya que hay grandes diferencias entre distritos y estados. Escuelas, derechos migrantes y problemtica de visas Todos los nià ±os en edad de recibir educacià ³n obligatoria, es decir, en grados K-12 tienen derecho a asistir a una escuela pà ºblica en el distrito de su residencia habitual. Esto aplica por supuesto a los ciudadanos americanos, a los residentes permanentes y  Ã‚  tambià ©n a los nià ±os indocumentados. Asà ­ lo establecià ³ claramente una sentencia de la Corte Suprema que se conoce como Plyler v. Doe. Los padres, madres o tutores que confronten problemas por su estatus migratorio o el de sus nià ±os pueden contactar con Equity and Civil Rights, explicar su problema y solicitar que se cumpla la ley. Tambià ©n pueden asistir a las escuelas pà ºblicas los nià ±os presentes en los Estados Unidos con visas derivadas, como por ejemplo, la F-2, la H-4 o la J-2. Tambià ©n los hijos de extranjeros con visas de inversià ³n E-1 o E-2 vlidas. Sin embargo, la situacià ³n es muy diferente para el caso de nià ±os que ingresan a los Estados Unidos con visa de turista. Estudiar en una escuela pà ºblica significa que se est cometiendo una infraccià ³n migratoria y cada vez es ms frecuente que se le revoque la visa al nià ±o y tambià ©n a sus padres. Son varias las opciones de visa para estudiar en Estados Unidos que se brinda a esos nià ±os. Es muy importante entender que desde el punto de vista de la ley migratoria y las escuelas es muy distinta la situacià ³n de un nià ±o indocumentado, que sà ­ puede ir a las escuelas, y la de un nià ±o que ingresa al paà ­s con visa de turista y pretende asistir a una escuela pà ºblica. Estos  nià ±os no estn protegidos por Plyler v. Doe. Idioma, educacià ³n especial, vacunas y alimentos Si los nià ±os no hablan inglà ©s o si los padres desean que hablen con fluidez inglà ©s y espaà ±ol, pueden considerar los programas de educacià ³n que se brindan en uno o ambos idiomas. Hay una gran variedad de opciones, dependiendo del lugar de residencia. Madres, padres y tutores de nià ±os con situaciones especiales, como por ejemplo autismo, epilepsia, parlisis cerebral, etc deben explorar las diversas opciones de educacià ³n especial que mejor se ajusten a las necesidades de sus hijos. Hay opciones muy diversas, desde integracià ³n a escuelas especiales. Lamentablemente, las oportunidades no son las mismas y dependen en gran medida del lugar de residencia. Entre los requerimientos para registrar nià ±os para las escuelas es muy comà ºn el de pedir el rà ©cord de vacunas, si bien esto no es igual en todos los estados y hay importantes diferencias. En esta pgina en espaà ±ol de Los Centros para el Control y Prevencià ³n de Enfermedades se explica informacià ³n muy importante sobre dà ³nde llevar al nià ±o a vacunar, cules son las vacunas y la edad para recibirlas e incluso quià ©n puede obtener ayuda econà ³mica para las vacunaciones. Finalmente, destacar que todos los nià ±os enrolados en escuelas pà ºblicas o en privadas sin fin de lucro pueden recibir asistencia de alimentos si asà ­ lo precisan. Es indiferente su estatus migratorio y/o el de sus padres ya que lo à ºnico que se tiene en cuenta es la situacià ³n alimentaria del nià ±o. El programa ms grande es el Programa Nacional de Almuerzos Escolares. Tambià ©n destacar el Programa de Desayunos Gratuitos. Estas ayudas tambià ©n estn disponibles en verano cuando las escuelas no estn en activo. Despuà ©s de la educacià ³n obligatoria La enseà ±anza superior puede seguirse en colleges o universidades. Es importante considerar el costo e intentar evitar, en la medida de lo posible, llegar al momento de recibir el tà ­tulo con mucha deuda, ya que puede ser un gran lastre. Considerar las opciones de becas, debiendo los estudiantes excelentes esforzarse y animarse y creerse que pueden optar a lo mejor. Estas son 12 universidades de à ©lite que becan a todo tipo de estudiantes, incluidos los indocumentados. Tambià ©n considerar la opcià ³n de los colegios comunitarios, que resultan ms econà ³micos, adems de brindar otras ventajas. Puntos clave: educacià ³n en Estados Unidos En Estados Unidos, la educacià ³n de los nià ±os y adolescentes es obligatoria.Tipos de escuelas: pà ºblicas (50,7 millones de estudiantes) y privadas (5,9 millones de alumnos). Tambià ©n es legal recibir educacià ³n en casa, pero cada estado regula este derecho de diferente manera.Categorà ­as de escuelas pà ºblicas: regulares, chapter y magnet.Educacià ³n obligatoria y migracià ³n: por sentencia de la Corte Suprema Plyler vs. Doe de 1982, los nià ±os indocumentados tienen derecho a estudiar en escuelas pà ºblicas. Los nià ±os con visas derivadas hijos de trabajadores temporales o estudiantes internacionales tienen tambià ©n ese derecho. Por el contrario, es ilegal estudiar con una visa de turista. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

INTERPRETING CRIME AND CRIMINALS 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

INTERPRETING CRIME AND CRIMINALS 2 - Essay Example My research was able to establish that there is not much difference in the experiences of male and female victims of cyber-stalking. One distinct difference between the male and female victim is that males are more likely not to report incidents of stalking to the police or law enforcers. The findings in this research imply that stereotypes in cyber-crimes have been firmly entrenched in our minds; little information is known about male victims of cyber-stalking-about how they became victims, how they dealt with it, and how they learned to live with it. Cyber-stalking is an old crime given new teeth. It used to be just plain stalking-following and watching a person doing his or her routine activities. But now that we are in the age of cyber technology, it has evolved into a much more sophisticated crime. I have chosen this topic because it is very interesting to explore the unconventional angle in the commission of this crime. People are familiar about the statistics in this crime-there are both male and female victims—however, they tend to focus more on the female victim, and dismiss the male victim to be of lesser importance and concern. This crime is also considered one of the newer crimes created by cyber-technology. It largely explains why legislation and implementation has not caught up with it yet. There are many countries right now that have yet to make this act a punishable offence. Although the UK has firmly entrenched legislation to address this crime, it has the same problems as other countries--the implementatio n of these laws. This topic also interests me because I would like to find out how the victim became a victim, how he felt about being a victim, and how he was dealt with by police officers when he eventually reported the crime. I used the qualitative method of research in this study. More specifically I

Challenges of Internet Marketing and Customer Empowerment Essay

Challenges of Internet Marketing and Customer Empowerment - Essay Example The use of the Internet as a central point for businesses and consumers has boomed since 1995 and is now becoming a central area for businesses to work toward specific solutions. In recent years, there has been a large amount of growth with individuals connecting online as well as searching for online strategies that have been developed to assist businesses in connecting with others that are online. The use of the Internet is one which has not only developed in given areas, but is becoming a global way of connecting to businesses and to individuals for information. As seen in figure 1, the use of the Internet is continuing to evolve with millions of individuals in every region of the world using this particular tool as a main method of connecting. The growth that is occurring with the Internet is then being noted as a primary force for businesses, information and connections that are needed for the evolution of different needs on a global level. The growth by region has furthered with changes that are now affecting businesses as a main way to connect online and to connect with others. Businesses are using this as a main proponent for a variety of reasons. The first is based on the economic recession which began in 2008. ... s connecting online as well as searching for online strategies that have been developed to assist businesses in connecting with others that are online. The use of the Internet is one which has not only developed in given areas, but is becoming a global way of connecting to businesses and to individuals for information. As seen in figure 1, the use of the Internet is continuing to evolve with millions of individuals in every region of the world using this particular tool as a main method of connecting. Figure 1: Use of the Internet by Region The growth that is occurring with the Internet is then being noted as a primary force for businesses, information and connections that are needed for the evolution of different needs on a global level (Internet World Stats, 2011). The growth by region has furthered with changes that are now affecting businesses as a main way to connect online and to connect with others. Businesses are using this as a main proponent for a variety of reasons. The fi rst is based on the economic recession which began in 2008. Many businesses are finding that Internet marketing is a way to leverage the costs and businesses from different levels while finding new opportunities that are needed in the area. The second is based on advertising opportunities, such as social media and connecting with others at a global level. For businesses, this is a simplistic way of expanding into the market and across regions. It is also noted that there are changes in consumer behaviors that lean toward the use of technology, specifically with growth of consumption on the Internet by 27%. This is inclusive of e-Commerce sales that are continuing to rise across the Internet. Within this are new forms of advertising that are now expected, including video and mobile

Cupcake Leavening Methods Essay Example for Free

Cupcake Leavening Methods Essay I have found three that I will test in order to find which produces the fluffiest, or least dense, batch of cupcakes. They allow for a greater leavening, or increase of volume of baking dough caused by the formation of gas bubbles. The methods to create this effect on the cupcakes are using egg whites only, mixing each ingredient separately before adding them to the mixture, and adding a teaspoon of corn starch to the mix. Eggs are a necessary ingredient to nearly any baked good. However, the two parts of the egg, the yolk and the white, have very different compositions. Egg yolks are high in fat, while the whites contain a great amount of protein. Fats interfere with the proteins ability to form bonds and trap air, keeping them from becoming as fluffy as they could be. However, whipping egg whites on their own mixes air into the whites and disarranges their protein molecules. The protein molecules are usually in clusters. Whipping causes them to stretch out and link together, trapping the air into tiny bubbles. Thus, using the egg whites on their own allows the proteins to whip up to their fullest potential height. A simpler method of decreasing the density of a batch of cupcakes is to mix each ingredient separately before adding them all together. By putting all dry ingredients into a bowl and whisking them until there are no lumps you are lightening the cake mix. Also, one should mix the eggs before their addition because this adds many small bubbles to them, which will cause bubbles to also be in the cupcakes, thereby making them light and fluffy. Finally, it is said that adding a teaspoon of cornstarch to your cupcakes before baking them will allow for extra lightness. Cornstarch is made from the endosperm of corn or wheat. It is used in baking as a leavening agent. It includes starch, which absorbs moisture and lets the little bubbles to form more easily in the batter during baking. Cornstarch does not contain any gluten, which is a strong and stretchy protein that gives baked goods a very solid structure. As temperature rises while the cupcakes bake, the cornstarch cause gas molecules to move farther apart, thus expanding air cells. This reaction will give the cupcakes the desired fluffiness. An important part of my experimentation will be determining the density of each cupcake. The formula for finding density is Density=Mass/Volume. In order to find the density, however, I must first find the mass and volume. Using a triple beam balance I can find the mass, but the volume will be more complicated. I have determined that the easiest way to calculate the volume would be to hypothetically separate each cupcake into thin segments by increments of approximately one centimeter. Then, I will have many approximate cylinders sitting on top of each other. Next, all I must do is measure the circumference of each cylinder, use that number to calculate the radius, and input that radius into the formula for finding the volume of a cylinder: Volume=? *radius^2*height. By adding the volume of each cylinder I can find the volume of the entire cupcake. I will do this to each cupcake in each batch and use the volume to determine the densities. Then, the batch with the lowest average density of cupcake is the one with the most effective method. Using all this research, I have hypothesized that the cornstarch will do the greatest amount of leavening.

Child Abuse and Neglect Essay -- Violence Against Children

Child Abuse is a very serious issue all throughout the world, in all different countries, cultures, and communities. The four main types of abuse are emotional abuse, physical abuse, neglect, and sexual abuse, and although emotional abuse and neglect are often overlooked, each has just as severe effects on children as sexual and physical abuse (Saisan et al.). The many causes of all kinds of the abuse of children have devastating effects on the child’s life presently and later on in life. There are multiple different causes of child abuse, and although abusing a child cannot be pinpointed to one specific characteristic, issue, or situation, there are factors which contribute to the abuse or neglect of a child. It is preposterous to determine whether child abuse will occur, but commonly a family may be at risk if the caretaker is young, has little education, has little knowledge about child development, has had several children born within a few years, is under great stress, and is extremely dependent on social welfare (Causes and Effects). As a child being taken care of by someone with alcohol and/or drug addictions is difficult, as a result of these addictions sometimes caretakers cannot make good parenting choices and all too often are unable to properly provide for their children. There are many factors that can lead to child abuse, but not all families who meet this â€Å"criteria† abuse their children, just as those families who seem perfect on the outside may actually abuse their children (Saisan et al.). Child abuse happens in all different types of families, and although there are some predicaments where abuse is more common, there is still no singular cause of child abuse. Contrary to many beliefs, the emotional a... ...Emotional Child Abuse – Definitions of Child Neglect and Other Emotionally Abusive Behavior. American Humane Association, n.d. Web. 20 Jan. 2014. Miller, Debbie. "Child Abuse and Neglect." Encyclopedia of Education. Ed. James W. Guthrie. 2nd Ed. Vol. 1. New York: Macmillan Reference USA, 2003. 267-270. Opposing Viewpoints in Context. Web. 28 Jan. 2014. Neher, Jon O. "Unreleased Emotions from Child Abuse Can Create Devastating Anger." Child Abuse. Ed. Heidi Williams. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2009. Opposing Viewpoints. Rpt. from "The Decade Dance." Annals of Family Medicine 3 (2005): 462. Opposing Viewpoints in Context. Web. 12 Dec. 2013. Saisan, MSW, Joanna, Jeanne Segal, Ph.D., and Melinda Smith, M.A.,. "Child Abuse & Neglect: Recognizing and Preventing Child Abuse." Helpguide.org: Understand, Prevent and Resolve Life's Challenges. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 Jan. 2014.

Presence of Depression in Patients Diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease

Presence of Depression in Patients Diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive and fatal neurodegenerative disorder which is associated with cognitive and memory deterioration, progressive impairment of activities of daily living, a variety of neuropsychiatric symptoms and behavioral disturbances (Robinson). This disease is seen in about 2-4 million Americans and is usually occurs after the age of 65 years (Robinson).According to Teri and Wagner (1992) there is growing agreement among physicians that Alzheimer’s disease is often accompanied by mood and behavior disturbances, especially depression. Depression and Alzheimer’s dementia are two separate disorders, one is disorder of affect other disorder of cognition (Terri, & Wagner 1992). Despite this, depression and dementia share a number of characteristics and frequently coexist. Impact of Associated Depression with Alzheimer’s disease on Patients and Caregivers According to Terry & Wagner (1992) depression is one of the most frequent comorbidpsychiatric disorders in Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, and is associated with poor quality of life, great degree of disability in activities of daily living, a faster cognitive decline, a high rate of nursing home placement and high mortality rate. AD patients with coexistent depression exhibit significantly more functional disability due to presence of depressive symptoms like: dysphoric mood, vegetative signs, social withdrawal, loss of interest, feelings of guilt and worthlessness, and suicidal ideation etc (Terry, & Wagner 1992).According to Newcomer, Yordi, DuNah, Fox, & Wilkinson (1999) depression in the patient is often a major source of stress, burden, and depression for care providers Caregivers of people with dementia and depression have been shown to experience depression, anger, anxiety, guilt, and to report negative attitudes toward the patient and other family members All these problems in patients with AD and depression can lead to massively increased health care costs (Terry and Wagner, 1992). Assessment of the Problem Gathering data on depression in order to accurately assess the prevalence of depressionamongst the patients suffering from AD is a very difficult problem due to many reasons as mentioned below: Lack of established procedures to ascertain depressive symptoms in AD: Absence of a standardized procedure for assessment of depression in patients with AD was probably the main factor which has contributed to the variable rates of depression (15%-86%) in different studies (Terri, & Wagner 1992). Different versions of the DSM III [1980] and DSM-III-R [1987] criteria were used in various studies which gave rise to different rates of prevalence of depression in patients with Alzheimer’s disease.AD and depression are now often clearly defined by using well-accepted diagnostic criteria, such as the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3r d ed. , rev. (DSM-III-R); and the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Diseases and Stroke/Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association (NINCDS-ADRDA), and well-established measures spanning the range of self-report and interviewer assessment (Terri, & Wagner, 1992).Other more established measures are also been used now, including the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) and the Geriatric Depression Scale. Using DSM-III-R criteria, Teri, and Wagner (1991) reported prevalence of depression among AD patients in their study as 29%.. Overlap of symptoms between depression and AD: Since there can be overlap of symptoms between the two, it is difficult to attribute the symptom to a particular disorder. This overlap can often confound the diagnosis of depression (Terri, & Wagner 1992).Existent measures can identify the presence of specific symptomatology, but they cannot clarify its cause. For e. g. : a person might be experiencing â€Å"loss of interest,† Now this loss could be due to the cognitive deterioration of dementia or due to anhedonia (loss of pleasure) related to depression.. Thus it becomes very difficult to differentiate dementia from depression in some cases. The primary source from which the history of depressive symptoms is obtained:According to number of studies (Gilley, et al. 1996; Teri, & Wegner1991) the traditional methods of obtaining history about depressive symptoms like patient interview and self reporting questionnaires might not prove accurate to assess the patient’s symptoms as the patient with Alzheimer’s disease might be suffering from significant cognitive impairment. As a result of this cognitive impairment AD patients are unable to provide accurate information about their symptoms of depression .As an alternative to patient-report methods, the use of collateral informants (patient’s care provider) to ascertain depressive symptomatology in cognitively impaired patients has been em ployed nowadays. In 1991 Teri and Wegner conducted a study in AD patients to show that the reports given by the patients themselves indicated less depression than reports from either their caregivers or reports given by clinicians after clinical observation of the patient. .The results of their study indicated that most of the patients suffering from AD and dementia seemed to be unaware of their depression.Although the use of collateral informants seems to be an attractive alternative approach for the assessment of depression in AD patients, it is not without important potential limitations. Caregivers may be unavailable for many patients or the care provider may not be living with the patient (Terry &Wegner 1992). If the care provider does not stay with the patient he might not get an opportunity to routinely observe the patient and will not be able to provide accurate information. The relationship between the care-provider and the patient also needs to be considered.According to m any studies (Terri, & Wegner 1992; Gilley, et al. 1995) child or spouse of the patient has been identified as the most accurate informant. Inaccurate data may be obtained if other sources of collateral informants are used. Caregivers may also provide inaccurate history as they may rely more on observable behaviors than on other sources of information because they are unable to evaluate the patient's emotional state, or conversely, caregivers may rely more on inference, using their subjective beliefs to evaluate how the patient is feeling (Teri& Wegner 1991).In cases where the care provider is not available, it typically becomes the responsibility of the clinician to make a diagnosis of depression. However clinician’s diagnosis is based on brief periods of patient’s observation and thus might not yield accurate results (Terri & Wegner 1992). Effect of Depression on Cognitive Deficits Associated with AD. Pronounced episodic memory impairment is one of the cardinal manife stations of AD. Depression on its own is also related with some amount of memory loss.Since both depression and AD have been found to result in memory deficits, it may be hypothesized that the simultaneous occurrence of both these diseases would add to the memory problems resulting from AD alone (Terry & Wagner 1992). Many neuropathological and clinical studies have attempted to determine whether the existence of one disorder predisposes an individual to the development of the other and whether the cognitive deficits seen in AD become more pronounced if the person also suffers from depression.The results of the study performed by Fahlander, Berger & Wahlin (1999) indicated that depression does not further impair episodic memory performance in patients with AD. This result was in agreement with a prior research done by Backman, Hassing, Forsell, and Viitanen (1996) who determined the co morbidity effects of AD and depression on episodic memory performance in very old persons (90-100 years of age) with and without dementia and depression. Overall, Backman, et al. found no differences between depressed patients and healthy old controls or between patients with AD and depression and those with AD alone.Backman, et al explained this finding as follows: Symptoms of depression which are most likely to exert negative effects on memory include motivational and attention factors like lack of interest, loss of energy, concentration difficulties etc. Some amount of memory impairment is already present among AD patients as a result of similar symptoms like lack of interest, loss of energy etc associated with dementia. Therefore, a diagnosis of major depression may not cause further impairment of memory in persons suffering from AD.Backman, et al also suggested that although depression influences memory performance in normal aging individuals, in dementia, this effect seems to be overshadowed by the neurodegenerative changes of AD itself . Backman, et al reached a conclusio n that since such symptoms are more likely to be part of normal aging in the 90’s compared with earlier decades, the effects of major depression on memory would be more prevalent among younger old persons(in7-8th decade of life) as compared to the oldest old(in 9-10th decade of life).Tests for Differentiating Alzheimer’s disease and Depression. Utility of the Fuld profile in the differentiation of AD and depression: Bornstein, Termeer, Longbrake, Heger, & North (1989) have examined the incidence of Fuld profile in a sample of patients diagnosed to be suffering from major depression. Fuld’s profile refers to a pattern of performance on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (WAIS-R) that appears to be associated with cholinergic deficits and thus is found to be associated with Alzheimer's disease (Bornstein, et al).Since a large number of patients with AD have been seen to show negative profiles, a negative profile does not prove that AD is not present. Bo rnstein, et al. have suggested that one should not rely on the results obtained from Fuld profile to make a diagnosis of AD. A diagnosis of AD should be made only after a thorough medical and neurological history and a complete neuropsychological examination. According to Bornstein, et al this profile was significantly less frequent in the depressed patients as compared to that reported in previous studies in Alzheimer's disease patients.The study by Bornstein, et al does provide some support regarding the diagnostic specificity of the Fuld profile in diagnosis of depression. Although this study and previous data are encouraging, considerable further investigation is needed to document the specificity and diagnostic contribution of this profile for diagnosis of depression. Measurement of a potential biological marker in the CSF: Increased CSF concentrations of phosphorylated brain protein called tau protein, has been seen in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Phosphorylated t au protein (ptau) has been suggested as a biomarker for Alzheimer's disease.Since the levels of this protein are not elevated in patients with depression, measurement of this biological marker in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) can diagnose patients with AD and thus help in differentiating them from those suffering from depression. (Vernon 2003). Treatment of Depression in Alzheimer’s Disease Patient Treatment of Alzheimer's disease has proved to be quite difficult. . The disease is progressive and use of drugs (like cholinesterase inhibitors) just help in bringing about a little improvement (20-30%) in cognitive symptoms (Zepf 2005).However the drugs used for improving cognitive functions have no effect on the depressive symptoms. Treatment of depression must form an important part of the overall treatment of this disease. This is so as treatment of depression in patients with Alzheimer's disease can have a significant impact on the well-being of these patients as well as their ca re givers [Lyketsos, et al. 2003 (as cited in Miller 2004)]. Continuing research is taking place in order to treat depression in AD patients. Many drugs have been tried to treat depression among patients with AD.Drugs like tricyclic antidepressants often used in cases of depression without AD are usually avoided in patients with AD, owing to their anticholinergic properties (Zepf, 2005). Lyketsos et al, 2003 (as cited in Miller 2004) showed the drug sertraline (selective seratonin uptake inhibitor) to be much superior as compared to placebo in treatment of depression in patients with AD. According to USA Today (Society for advancement of education) the drug sertraline (Zoloft) significantly improves the quality of life and prevents disruption in daily activities for patients of Alzheimer's disease with depression.Use of this drug has been shown to lessen the behavioral disturbances and improve the activities of daily living but has no effect on patients' cognitive abilities, such as thinking, remembering and learning. Conclusion Despite the great deal of research which has recently taken place in the field of Alzheimer’s disease with depression, more research is still required in this field as the physicians are still are not clear about the pathophysiology of AD or about the exact prevalence of depression in patients of AD or it’s etiology.The questions of whether depression and dementia are similar or different, whether one leads to the other or whether their coexistence has any etiological significance are far from resolved. The complete knowledge and understanding in this field will help the physicians in developing effective treatment strategies for care of such patients. Once the psychologists are able to understand the risk factors for coexistent depression in dementia and find its effective cure, they would be able to significantly improve the quality of life of the patients as well as their care providers and greatly reduce the health ca re costs.Several questions regarding the management of depression in AD still need to be answered. The comparative efficacy of anti-depressants from various classes still needs to be explored by performing larger clinical trials. Role of non-pharmacological methods for treatment of depression also needs to be explored. Further research and studies are required in future to address these topics. The number of studies at present is quite small and the need for further investigation in future persists. References Backman, L. , Massing, L. , Forsell, Y. , & Viitanen, M. (1996). Episodic Remembering in apopulation-based Sample of Nonagenarians: Does major depression exacerbate the memory deficits seen in alzheimer's disease? Psychology and Aging, 2(4),649-657. Bornstein, R. A. , Termeer, J. , Longbrake, K. , Heger, M. , & North, R. (1989). WAIS-R Cholinergic Deficit Profile in Depression. Psychological Assessment, 1(4), 342-344. Fahlander, K. , Berger, A. K. , Wahlin, A. ,& Backman, L. ( 1999). Depression does not aggravate the episodic memory deficits associated with alzheimer's disease. Neuropsychology, 13 (4), 532-538. Gilley,D. W. , Wilson R. S. , Fleischman D. A. , Harrison, D. W. , Goetz, C.G. , & Tanner, C. M. (1995). Impact of Alzheimer's-Type Dementia and Information Source on the Assessment of Depression. Psychological Assessment, 7(1), 42-48. Miller, E. K. (2004). Depression in patients with Alzheimer's disease. American Family Physician. Retrieved on 8 Nov 2006 from http://www. findarticles. com/p/articles/mi_m3225/is_3_69/ai_112915116 Newcomer, R. , Yordi, C. , DuNah, R. , Fox, P. , & Wilkinson, A. (1999). Effects of the Medicare alzheimer's disease demonstration on caregiver burden and depression: The medicare alzheimer's disease demonstration program. Health Services Research.Retrieved on 8 Nov 2006 from http://www. findarticles. com/p/articles/mi_m4149/is_3_34/ai_55610150 Robinson, R. Alzheimer's disease. Encyclopedia of Medicine. Retrieved on 8 Nov 2006 from http://www. findarticles. com/p/articles/mi_g2601/is_0000/ai_2601000053 Teri, L. , & Wagner, A. W. (1991). Assessment of depression in patients with Alzheimer's Disease: Concordance among informants. Psychology and Aging, 6(2), 280-285. Teri, L. , & Wagner, A. (1992). Alzheimer's disease and depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 60(3), 379-391. USA Today. (Society for advancement of education). (2003).Antidepressant slows patient decline: Alzheimer's Disease. Retrieved on 8 Nov 2006 from http://www. findarticles. com/p/articles/mi_m1272/is_2701_132/ai_109085096 Vernon, H. (2003). Hemoxymed’s diagnostic test in development is useful in differentiating patients with Alzheimer's disease from patients with geriatric major depression. Business wire. Retrieved on 8 Nov 2006 from http://www. highbeam. com/doc/1G1-97485997. html Zepf, B. (2005). Drug therapy for patients with Alzheimer's disease. American family physicians Retrieved on 8 Nov 2006 from h ttp://www. findarticles. com/p/articles/mi_m3225/is_10_71/ai_n13790924.