Do the Benefits of Globalization Outweighs Its Disadvantages Essay

Natural FARMING (Cultivating without the expansion of fake synthetic substances.) Organic cultivating can be characterized by the proactive, environmental administration procedures that keep up and upgrade soil ripeness, forestall soil disintegration, advance and improve organic assorted variety, and limit hazard to human and creature wellbeing and common assets. It can likewise be characterized as Vegetable and domesticated animals creation utilizing characteristic wellsprings of supplements, (for example, fertilizer, crop deposits, and excrement) and regular strategies for yield and weed control, rather than utilizing manufactured or inorganic agrochemicals. It is likewise called low info cultivating. Numerous sorts of homestead items are delivered naturally including vegetables, organic product, herbs, grains, meat, dairy, eggs, strands, and blossoms. In the past natural homestead creation was regularly considered as being just for radicals or flower children. Presently it is viewed as a suitable financial move †with advantages to the homestead soil, to the earth, and to the buyers of the items. A natural methodology can contribute towards making a homestead all the more monetarily feasible in a few different ways. * First, it is a low info method of cultivating. You don't have to put such a lot of cash in costly synthetic concoctions and composts. In any case, any decreases in introductory creation are adjusted against these diminished expenses. * Second, it is less inclined to bring about land debasement than numerous other creation techniques; henceforth the drawn out expense of supporting creation is less. * Thirdly, open interest for natural produce has particularly expanded over ongoing years. The key qualities of natural cultivating incorporate; 1| Protecting the drawn out richness of soils by keeping up natural issue levels, empowering soil natural action, and cautious mechanical intervention.| 2| Providing crop supplements in a roundabout way utilizing moderately insoluble supplement sources which are made accessible to the plant by the activity of soil miniaturized scale organisms.| 3| Nitrogen independence using vegetables and natural nitrogen obsession, just as powerful reusing of natural materials including crop deposits and domesticated animals manures.| 4| Weed, sickness and irritation control depending principally on crop turns, normal predators, decent variety, natural manuring, safe assortments and constrained (ideally negligible) warm, organic and synthetic intervention.| 5| The broad administration of domesticated animals, paying full respect to their developmental adjustments, conduct needs and animal government assistance issues as for sustenance, lodging, wellbeing, reproducing and rearing.| 6| Careful though tfulness regarding the effect of the cultivating framework on the more extensive condition and the preservation of untamed life and characteristic living spaces. Kinds OF ORGANIC FARMING Natural cultivating works with nature, as opposed to against it. It perceives the way that nature has numerous intricate procedures which connect to control vermin, illnesses and weeds, and to manage the development of plants. There is an assortment of methods of developing plants that work with nature as opposed to against it. A few strategies have been utilized for quite a long time. The absolute best and generally utilized techniques are:Poly-culture Theoretically, it is better for the drawn out government assistance of the land to maintain a strategic distance from a monoculture way to deal with cultivating. Monocultures will in general use similar supplements from the dirt and store the equivalent â€Å"pollutants† into the dirt; causing supplement lacks and poison levels. At the point when a few unique plants, or potentially animals are becoming together, the waste results of one will frequently be utilized by another; and the supplements utilized by one, might be rechar ged by the action of another.Biodynamic farmingIt sees the ranch or nursery as a â€Å"total† life form and endeavors to build up a manageable framework, where the entirety of the segments of the living framework have a regarded and legitimate place.| Permaculture Systems Permaculture is an arrangement of agribusiness dependent on enduring, or self propagating, plant and creature species which are helpful to man. It is a way of thinking which envelops the foundation of conditions which are exceptionally beneficial and stable, and which give food, cover, vitality and so forth., just as steady social and financial frameworks. Yield revolutions Harvest pivot comprises of developing various yields in progression in a similar field, rather than constantly developing a similar harvest. Developing a similar yield quite a long time after year ensures irritations of a food flexibly †thus bug populaces increment. It can likewise prompt consumption of certain dirt supplements. Developing various yields interferes with bother life cycles and holds their populaces under tight restraints. Yield turn standards can be applied to both expansive section of land and line crops the same. The standards may even be applied to pastures. In crop turn cycles, ranchers can likewise plant crops that like vegetables that really enhance the dirt with supplements, in this way decreasing the requirement for substance manures. For instance, many corn ranchers interchange developing corn with soybeans, since soybeans fix nitrogen into the dirt. Hence, ensuing corn crops require less nitrogen compost to be included. Benefits OF ORGANIC FARMING Maintainability over the long haul: Many changes saw in the earth are long haul, happening gradually after some time. Natural horticulture thinks about the medium-and long haul impact of farming mediations on the agro-biological system. It means to create food while setting up an environmental parity to forestall soil barrenness or vermin issues. Natural horticulture adopts a proactive strategy rather than rewarding issues after they rise. Soil. Soil building practices, for example, crop turns, between editing, advantageous affiliations, spread harvests, natural composts and least culturing are integral to natural practices. These energize soil fauna and vegetation, improving soil arrangement and structure and making progressively stable frameworks. Thus, supplement and vitality cycling is expanded and the retentive capacities of the dirt for supplements and water are improved, making up for the non-utilization of mineral composts. Such administration procedures likewise assume a significant job in soil disintegration control. The timeframe that the dirt is presented to erosive powers is diminished, soil biodiversity is expanded, and supplement misfortunes are decreased, assisting with keeping up and improve soil profitability. Yield fare of supplements is normally repaid by ranch inferred inexhaustible assets yet it is once in a while important to enhance natural soils with potassium, phosphate, calcium, magnesium and follow components from outer sources. Water. In numerous farming regions, contamination of groundwater courses with engineered manures and pesticides is a significant issue. As the utilization of these is denied in natural horticulture, they are supplanted by natural composts (for example fertilizer, creature compost, green excrement) and using more prominent biodiversity (as far as species developed and lasting vegetation), upgrading soil structure and water penetration. Very much oversaw natural frameworks with better supplement retentive capacities, significantly diminish the danger of groundwater contamination. In certain regions where contamination is a genuine issue, transformation to natural agribusiness is profoundly supported as a therapeutic measure (for example by the Governments of France and Germany). Air and environmental change. Natural agribusiness lessens non-sustainable power source use by diminishing agrochemical needs (these require high amounts of petroleum derivative to be delivered). Natural agribusiness adds to alleviating the nursery impact and an unnatural weather change through its capacity to sequester carbon in the dirt. Numerous administration rehearses utilized by natural agribusiness (for example least culturing, returning yield deposits to the dirt, the utilization of spread harvests and revolutions, and the more noteworthy combination of nitrogen-fixing vegetables), increment the arrival of carbon to the dirt, raising profitability and preferring carbon stockpiling. Various examinations uncovered that dirt natural carbon substance under natural cultivating are extensively higher. The more natural carbon is held in the dirt, the more the moderation capability of horticulture against environmental change is higher. In any case, there is a lot of exploration requ ired in this field, yet. There is an absence of information on soil natural carbon for creating nations, with no homestead framework correlation information from Africa and Latin America, and just restricted information on soil natural carbon stocks, which is essential for deciding carbon sequestration rates for cultivating rehearses. Biodiversity. Natural ranchers are the two overseers and clients of biodiversity at all levels. At the quality level, customary and adjusted seeds and breeds are favored for their more prominent protection from ailments and their flexibility to climatic pressure. At the species level, various blends of plants and creatures improve supplement and vitality cycling for rural creation. At the environment level, the support of common territories inside and around natural fields and nonappearance of compound data sources make appropriate living spaces for untamed life. The regular utilization of under-used species (frequently as revolution harvests to assemble soil richness) diminishes disintegration of agro-biodiversity, making a more advantageous genetic stock †the reason for future adjustment. The arrangement of structures giving food and cover, and the absence of pesticide use, pull in new or re-colonizing species to the natural region (both changeless and transient), including wi ld widely varied vegetation (for example winged animals) and living beings useful to the natural framework, for example, pollinators and nuisance predators. The quantity of studies on natural cultivating and biodiversity expanded fundamentally inside the most recent years. An ongoing report writing about a meta-investigation of 766 logical papers presumed that natural cultivating produces more biodiversity than other cultivating frameworks. Hereditarily altered life forms. The utilization of GMOs inside natural frameworks isn't allowed during any phase of natural food creation, preparing or taking care of. As the expected effect of GMOs to both the earth and wellbeing isn't altogether comprehended,

Outsourcing Support of Desktop Computers Assignment

Redistributing Support of Desktop Computers - Assignment Example As indicated by the exploration discoveries, there are different dangers engaged with the way toward redistributing support for personal computers. One of the dangers is a budgetary hazard †significant expenses. The organization may acquire expenses of recruiting individuals to offer help for PCs. The subsequent hazard is a security chance. The redistributed help for PCs may not offer enough security to the PCs of the organization. Different dangers include: recruiting improper merchants, not being in accordance with interior capacities, loss of control, loss of representative resolve, lock-in dangers, administrative and checking dangers, requirement for change, and innovation dangers. The re-appropriated staff will most likely be unable to carry out the responsibility properly. Re-appropriating support for personal computers may not be in accordance with inward capacities on the grounds that outside staff may have a few irreconcilable situations or might be unfit to complete th e activity. As far as loss of control, the sellers may conflict with the necessities of the organization to seek after their own advantages. Employees’ assurance may likewise decay, bringing about low duty, mentality, and execution. Administrative necessities may likewise keep sellers from doing certain exercises of detailing and observing. An adjustment in the plan of action may likewise prompt dangers of re-appropriating support for PCs since merchants may need suitable intends to react to the changing plan of action. Money related dangers may cause a chance while the security dangers may bring about loss of information and wounds on the off chance that they happen. Recruiting low quality of administration may likewise cause low quality of administration and not be being in accordance with inner capacities may cause poor administration in the organization. There is additionally a chance of absence of freedom for the organization on the off chance that it brings about lock-i n dangers. The organization may likewise lose client trust if the organization acquires administrative revealing and checking dangers.

Interview Success How to Nail A First Meeting

Interview Success How to Nail A First Meeting First Interview Success is Vital First Interview Success is Vital Interview success is about more than simply having the best resume. People who don’t have the best, or most qualified work history are selected over other, more qualified applicants all the time, simply because their first face-to-face meeting with an employer goes much smoother. Sometimes it comes down to the mood of the person interviewing you. There are some externalities that you just can’t influence. If the person interviewing you is in the middle of an ugly divorce and just had a highly unpleasant phone call with their ex’s lawyer 15 minutes before sitting down with you, there is not much else to do other than accept your bad luck. It happens. But none of that is to say that you cannot do certain things that greatly improve your chance of success during your first meet-and-greet with your tentative new employer. If you are preparing for a job interview, or even if you just want to get a head start on job interview success, below are some things you should know. Be honest, but don’t reveal too much Believe it or not, most people respect authenticity. Even if you don’t profoundly connect with someone on an intellectual level, it is much easier to dislike a phony than someone who is forthright about who they really are. Being authentic is about having convictions and values and sticking to them. The interview is a chance for your employer to test and set traps for you that you may end up falling into. They might ask you difficult questions regarding what you would do in a certain situation, or ask you questions about your personality (e.g. what is something you need to work on?) because they are usually determining whether you are honest about what you would do. This also means avoiding shooting yourself in the foot. If you are interviewing for a job that requires high-level analytical skills and attention to detail, and your employer asks you to recall a time when you made a mistake that was completely your fault, don’t talk about the time you completely misread the final exam schedule and showed up at 3:30 p.m. instead of 8:30 a.m. and had to beg for a rewrite. Also, don’t overshare personal information. Keep it entirely professional until you have had a chance to get to know someone better. Interview success is about presentability If ever there was a time to look as presentable as possible, it’s during your first (and every subsequent one as well) interview. Research shows that people make an indelible first impression on others within seconds. It is unfortunate, because the reality is we take quite a long time to really get to know someone, and often our first impressions of people turn out to be completely incorrect and uncharitable. But that doesn’t change the effect they have. Part of the first impression process is evaluating a person based on how they look. Part of that comes down to their overall attractiveness, but in the world of business and bottom lines, people are generally looking for competence over attractiveness. However, there is a limit. Most job interviews, even for lower level jobs, require that you look well put-together. How you are dressed for a job interview says two things: it speaks to how serious you are taking this opportunity, and it speaks to the effort you are willing to put in. Both carry potential implications for how you conduct yourself and work as an employee. Prepare, prepare, prepare The worst thing you can do before a job interview is to go in with no preparation. Preparation means doing research on both the company you are applying to, as well as the person who is going to be interviewing you (if that information is available). Be able to talk at least somewhat intelligently about the organization, its past, its current and future projects, what the person, or team interviewing you has done professionally. Visit the company website and conduct some Google research before you sit down and start answering and asking questions. It is also important to go over your responses to questions you will likely be asked. Many people are good at thinking on their feet, and speaking off-the-cuff, but not everyone. Having the outline of some of your responses memorized, or at least readily accessible can help immensely. It is, however, important not to come off as robotic, and your responses, canned. If you need help preparing for an upcoming interview or job application, there are services which can help you iron out your game plan and nail your first interview/meeting. Be honest about your capabilities The best thing you can be when it comes to what you are actually capable of is entirely honest. If your employer asks you what your Microsoft Excel capabilities are and you lie and say you are at an intermediate level when all you really know is the ‘sum’ formula, you are going to look and feel terrible when they ask you to create a macro for them and you have to Google “What’s an excel macro?” This is especially important if this is your first serious employment after graduation, especially if it is in your field of study. Your employer understands you are young and inexperienced, they don’t expect you to have the kind of skills someone who has been doing the job for 5 years, even 1 year, has. If they ask you your opinion on something pertaining to the industry and the profession about which you are not able to speak somewhat intelligently, pass on the question. It’s better to respond with “I’m not sure I really have the experience, or the knowledge to comment on that yet.” Honesty and interview success go hand in hand. Being interviewed, especially when a potential livelihood (and all the things that go with it) are on the line, can be very stressful. It can even prompt us to do and say foolish things we wouldn’t normally say. But nailing that first interview is about keeping your head, telling the truth without being over-revealing, and looking the part. If you have an interview lined up, and want to improve your chances of first interview success, keep the above considerations in mind, and for all other professional custom writing inquiries, get in touch with Homework Help Global. References: Morin, A. (2016). “There is a clear line between oversharing and being authentic here’s how to avoid crossing it.” Forbes. Retrieved from: #119c42b56e3b Wargo, E. (2006). “How many seconds to a first impression.” Association for Psychological Science. Retrieved from: how-many-seconds-to-a-first-impression Interview Success How to Nail A First Meeting First Interview Success is Vital First Interview Success is Vital Interview success is about more than simply having the best resume. People who don’t have the best, or most qualified work history are selected over other, more qualified applicants all the time, simply because their first face-to-face meeting with an employer goes much smoother. Sometimes it comes down to the mood of the person interviewing you. There are some externalities that you just can’t influence. If the person interviewing you is in the middle of an ugly divorce and just had a highly unpleasant phone call with their ex’s lawyer 15 minutes before sitting down with you, there is not much else to do other than accept your bad luck. It happens. But none of that is to say that you cannot do certain things that greatly improve your chance of success during your first meet-and-greet with your tentative new employer. If you are preparing for a job interview, or even if you just want to get a head start on job interview success, below are some things you should know. Be honest, but don’t reveal too much Believe it or not, most people respect authenticity. Even if you don’t profoundly connect with someone on an intellectual level, it is much easier to dislike a phony than someone who is forthright about who they really are. Being authentic is about having convictions and values and sticking to them. The interview is a chance for your employer to test and set traps for you that you may end up falling into. They might ask you difficult questions regarding what you would do in a certain situation, or ask you questions about your personality (e.g. what is something you need to work on?) because they are usually determining whether you are honest about what you would do. This also means avoiding shooting yourself in the foot. If you are interviewing for a job that requires high-level analytical skills and attention to detail, and your employer asks you to recall a time when you made a mistake that was completely your fault, don’t talk about the time you completely misread the final exam schedule and showed up at 3:30 p.m. instead of 8:30 a.m. and had to beg for a rewrite. Also, don’t overshare personal information. Keep it entirely professional until you have had a chance to get to know someone better. Interview success is about presentability If ever there was a time to look as presentable as possible, it’s during your first (and every subsequent one as well) interview. Research shows that people make an indelible first impression on others within seconds. It is unfortunate, because the reality is we take quite a long time to really get to know someone, and often our first impressions of people turn out to be completely incorrect and uncharitable. But that doesn’t change the effect they have. Part of the first impression process is evaluating a person based on how they look. Part of that comes down to their overall attractiveness, but in the world of business and bottom lines, people are generally looking for competence over attractiveness. However, there is a limit. Most job interviews, even for lower level jobs, require that you look well put-together. How you are dressed for a job interview says two things: it speaks to how serious you are taking this opportunity, and it speaks to the effort you are willing to put in. Both carry potential implications for how you conduct yourself and work as an employee. Prepare, prepare, prepare The worst thing you can do before a job interview is to go in with no preparation. Preparation means doing research on both the company you are applying to, as well as the person who is going to be interviewing you (if that information is available). Be able to talk at least somewhat intelligently about the organization, its past, its current and future projects, what the person, or team interviewing you has done professionally. Visit the company website and conduct some Google research before you sit down and start answering and asking questions. It is also important to go over your responses to questions you will likely be asked. Many people are good at thinking on their feet, and speaking off-the-cuff, but not everyone. Having the outline of some of your responses memorized, or at least readily accessible can help immensely. It is, however, important not to come off as robotic, and your responses, canned. If you need help preparing for an upcoming interview or job application, there are services which can help you iron out your game plan and nail your first interview/meeting. Be honest about your capabilities The best thing you can be when it comes to what you are actually capable of is entirely honest. If your employer asks you what your Microsoft Excel capabilities are and you lie and say you are at an intermediate level when all you really know is the ‘sum’ formula, you are going to look and feel terrible when they ask you to create a macro for them and you have to Google “What’s an excel macro?” This is especially important if this is your first serious employment after graduation, especially if it is in your field of study. Your employer understands you are young and inexperienced, they don’t expect you to have the kind of skills someone who has been doing the job for 5 years, even 1 year, has. If they ask you your opinion on something pertaining to the industry and the profession about which you are not able to speak somewhat intelligently, pass on the question. It’s better to respond with “I’m not sure I really have the experience, or the knowledge to comment on that yet.” Honesty and interview success go hand in hand. Being interviewed, especially when a potential livelihood (and all the things that go with it) are on the line, can be very stressful. It can even prompt us to do and say foolish things we wouldn’t normally say. But nailing that first interview is about keeping your head, telling the truth without being over-revealing, and looking the part. If you have an interview lined up, and want to improve your chances of first interview success, keep the above considerations in mind, and for all other professional custom writing inquiries, get in touch with Homework Help Global. References: Morin, A. (2016). “There is a clear line between oversharing and being authentic here’s how to avoid crossing it.” Forbes. Retrieved from: #119c42b56e3b Wargo, E. (2006). “How many seconds to a first impression.” Association for Psychological Science. Retrieved from: how-many-seconds-to-a-first-impression

The Theory of the Contestable Market - 2230 Words

The theory of contestable markets, along with the static and dynamic views of competition, are used as theories to analyse how markets perform. The static view focuses on the structure of the market as the determining factor of competition, with the dynamic view focusing on dynamic aspects such as technology and entrepreneurship. The contestable markets theory has a different focus, focusing on the importance of barriers to entry and exit. Nonetheless it does incorporate features from both views. More importantly it shifts the focus and provides new insight into the workings of competition. The two differing views of competition will be examined, followed by an examination of the contestable market theory, concluding with an analysis of†¦show more content†¦This view portrays competition as a process of change and evolution rather than a static state in which equilibrium will be reached. Hayek, a main architect of this approach, defines competition as a dynamic behavioural a ctivity. Central to this activity is knowledge, how it is acquired and communicated through the economy. He criticises the neoclassical assumption of perfect knowledge, with the view that costs are not a given, and so not exogenous. Competition is a process of interaction with the environment, in which innovation, such as new methods of production and new products, are a response to the unique situation of the economy. It results in the optimal use of resources. (Auerbach 1988) Alchian believes that there is a natural selection process which results in a competitive outcome. Such competition depends not only on the physical possibilities but also the abilities and attitudes of participants, the entrepreneurs and consumers. It therefore argues for property rights, as to increase the level of competition, forcing companies to undergo research and development and to innovate, in order to survive. For competition to be improved and sustained there needs to be a genuine desire on behalf of entrepreneurs to engage in competitive behaviour, to innovate and to invent to drive markets forward and create what Schumpeter famously called the â€Å"gales of creative destruction†. (Vickers, 1995, pp15). In the classic dynamic view, it arguesShow MoreRelated Airline Industry and Contestability Project What is a contestable market?1639 Words   |  7 PagesAirline Industry and Contestability Project What is a contestable market? In a contestable market, there are one or a number of firms which profit maximise. In other words the number of firms is irrelevant. The key assumption to make here is that barriers to entry to the industry are relatively low, as is the cost to exit the industry. The existence of potential entrants into the industry will tend to keep profits to their normal level even in the short run, because existing firms will wantRead More Bus Transport Essay827 Words   |  4 PagesBus Transport A) The nature of the competition in the bus transport market is very specific. The article suggests competition is used to keep out new entrants to the market thus maintaining market share for the larger firms, active competition takes place between small operators or between a large and a small operator. Further evidence suggests the competition was not of substantial benefit to the consumer and only used to get one over on the firms rivals, more services run on routesRead MoreThe Oligopoly Theory2874 Words   |  12 PagesRunning head: Oligopoly Theory The Oligopoly Theory OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT Table of Contents Abstract†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3 Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.4 Oligopolistic Competition†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...5 Characteristics of an Oligopoly†¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....6 Models of Oligopoly Behavior†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦9 Conclusion†¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...11 References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MorePossibility Of Becoming Monopolized Market1007 Words   |  5 Pagesof Becoming Monopolized Market Referring to the textbook, the definition of monopoly is a market structure where a single firm serves as an entire market for a good that has no close substitutes. It acts as the crucial threat to innovation and low prices. Due to the fact, the dominance of single-firm with more than half of its market share is almost as harmful to consumer as a monopoly. Back in 1970s, the entrance of WorldCom, Inc. and Sprint into telecommunication market had effect on increasingRead MorePrice Makers and Price Takers952 Words   |  4 PagesMarket Structure o Perfect (pure) competition Price–taking firms each with no influence over the ruling market price (see diagram below) Free entry and exist of businesses in the long run – drives down profits towards a normal profit equilibrium level Each supplier produces homogeneous products – each a perfect substitute – hence the perfectly elastic demand curve for the individual supplier Key factor - interdependent nature of pricing decisions between rival firms Each firm must considerRead MoreTaking a Look at Vertex901 Words   |  4 Pagessuction effect – the dominant firm lowers the average price of its products and captures contestable sales which the firm was unable to capture before. Vertex offered two largest distributors in the market rolled-back target rebates. Under this scheme, rebates were applied to the total turnover previously realized over a certain period. The court has been harsh in treating rebates without fully considering the theory of harm of rebates (Michelin II). Although the Commission issued a new guidance tacklingRead MoreMarketing Analysis : Perfect Competition2982 Words   |  12 PagesIntroduction Markets do not have control of how their products are sold to consumers who strive to purchase merchandise. Every market has its own particular regulations relating to how buyers purchase items and how sellers sell them. This concept aids businesses in regulating how they function and how they must operate in future. I will provide an adequate amount of information concerning perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly, and monopoly. I will also discuss how each term isRead MorePharmaceutical Industry Pricing Models Essay3586 Words   |  15 Pagesinvestments fail to produce a marketable drug, and of those drugs that do make it to market, few are commercially successful. A higher than average rate of return may represent the premium needed to attract each marginal investment into an industry with such high risk. As noted previously, the study of pharmaceutical prices is made more complicated by the absence of a uniform price across buyers and geographic areas. The mark et for pharmaceuticals is highly segmented, both domestically and internationallyRead MoreThe Case of Romanian Cigarette Market10250 Words   |  41 PagesCHAPTER VIII. STUDY-CASES 1. THE CASE OF ROMANIAN CIGARETTE MARKET 1. Introduction Among the obligations assumed by Romania by(1) the EU Adhesion Treaty (2)there is the fact that, until 2010, the minimum tax level for cigarettes must be aligned with the minimum tax level of the member states – 57% of the most popular cigarettes’ (MPPC) price, but not less than 64 Euros for 1000 cigarettes. Through the modifications made to the Fiscal Code in April 2006 by the OU 33/2006 the government approvedRead MoreGlobalization and Human Resources2045 Words   |  9 Pagesways: The first impact of globalization is it will increase the opportunities to reap scale and scope economies. The development of exploitation economies is heavily influenced by technological progress. Economies will only materialize in markets where the demand fits well with either type of economies (Baumol, Panzar, and Willig, 1982). The second impact of globalization is it will increase the love for variety and taste convergence, implying larger peaks and expanded peripheries. The

The College Problem Solution Essay Topics Cover Up

The College Problem Solution Essay Topics Cover Up Depending on what sort of school you're likely to, is dependent on what sort of issues you're going to face. Colleges are interested in finding a feeling of maturity and introspectionpinpoint the transformation and demonstrate your private growth. College Problem Solution Essay Topics Features The problem solution essay is similar to any other that you've written it has different sections. Once you have discussed the very first portion of the essay, which is in fact the issue, move on to its second part solution. If you realize that there is some type of a problem explained in the job, and you're requested to give possible way outs, then you need to repeat the issue and solution definitions. The issue and solution essay writing procedure can be created easy when you've got a plan in mind. It's still true that you wonder how someone can help students. While each person problems are unique to their existing conditions, I un derstand there are some difficulties that just about all college students deal with at least one time during their time at school. During the duration of your academic career, whether at school or university, you'll probably have to write a minumum of one problem solution essay. A problem solution essay seems to be something which not only college students may get assigned. Don't go from the goals you've set in your essay writing so you're able to attain the desired effects that you wanted. The hardest task is to locate a great topic for your essay. Hence, you've been provided with the simplest topic for problem solution essays, you can choose any on of the above mentioned and get started writing your essay very quickly. You can open a chain reaction by means of your essay. The issue and solution essay examples on the page will steer you on the very best approach that you ought to take for writing your paper. Issue arrangement essay is a form of an exploration paper in which you portray a particular issue and endeavor to discover a way of comprehending it. Topic selection is very important whenever writing a problem-reducing essay. When you're assigned to compose a problem-solution essay or research paper, selecting a fantastic topic is the initial dilemma you have to work out. The last area of the problem solution essay is a reminder of the introduction and the logical end of the argument presented in the primary body. Your task is to locate the most significant ones and then to produce some problem-solution. If you own a topic provided already, click the order now button to file your request. To start with, it's that type of writing which revolves around one specific theme that is either a local or maybe a worldwide issue. Top College Problem Solution Essay Topics Secrets The web increases the range of happy long-distance relationships. There are several problem solution essay topics on the Internet that you just don't understand what to select. Moving forward in little ways can help you feel empowered and in control. Thus, the target of a problem-reducing essay isn't to get the best solution for a specific problem, but instead to get the best solution. Among the excellent things about problem solution essays is they have a fairly clear structure. The main reason is there are basically only two important things you should write about in your problem and solution essay, making it so much simpler to research info and structure the paper. All About College Problem Solution Essay Topics If you don't have a thing to write about in regards to your essay it's an issue. If you are searching for ideas for your problem solution essay topic, then you've come to the correct place. These days, there are lots of issues to chat about. As an example, telling readers they're to blame if they do nothing to address the issue is a sure-fire means to lose readers. Facts, Fiction and College Problem Solution Essay Topics It is extremel y easy to acquire an entire group of such topics if you simply look around. It's very similar to other types of essays in a challenge to pick an acceptable topic. There are additionally some descriptions so you might find the fullest picture of what a terrific topic ought to be. Whenever you have so many topics to speak about, choose what you're passionate about and it is going to be super-easy that you develop a considerable argument for it. While picking a topic for your essay be sure you are passionate about it and don't get lost among lots of information that can be found. As with other essays, people frequently discover that it's tricky to choose a topic particularly when the instructor asks students to produce their own topics. All you will need is a simple topic.

Fund Flow Analysis Free Essays

Every business concern, at the end of its financial period, prepares Income Statements and Balance Sheet. Income Statements show the net result, Net Profit, of the business operations and contains various expenses incurred and losses and revenue earned during that period. Balance Sheet gives a summary of assets and liabilities as on a particular date and shows the financial position of the business. We will write a custom essay sample on Fund Flow Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now The liabilities side of a balance sheet shows the sources from where funds are raised and the assets side shows how the funds raised are utilized. But it does not show the causes or reasons for changes in assets and liabilities, flow of funds, between two balance sheet dates. Therefore, a statement is prepared in addition to the Income Statements and Balance Sheet, to show changes in assets and liabilities between two balance sheet dates, which is known as Fund Flow Statement. It is a statement, also known as Statement of Changes in Financial Position, designed to analyse the changes in financial condition of a concern between to specified dates. The Term â€Å"Fund† The term â€Å"Fund† can be explained in many ways. In the narrow sense, it means cash only. Transactions involving cash receipts and payments are considered in this approach. In the broader sense, fund means working capital, which is the excess of current assets over current liabilities. For fund flow analysis, the broader approach, working capital approach, is considered. The word â€Å"Flow† means change and â€Å"fund flow† means change in funds or change in working capital. Any increase or decrease in working capital is flow of funds. Flow of funds may be either inflow of funds or outflow of funds. Inflow refers to sources of funds and outflow refers to applications of funds. If a transaction brings any change in working capital, flow of funds takes place. This will happen when changes occurs in the values of fixed assets, share capital, long term debts etc. with the corresponding changes in the values of current assets or current liabilities. Many transactions which take place in a business enterprise may increase or decrease its working capital or even may not affect any change in it. Following are some examples: Purchase of fixed assets: When an asset is purchased, cash is going out there by reducing the cash balance. The effect of this transaction is that working capital decreases and this change (decrease) in working capital is called as application of funds. Here the accounts involved are Current Assets (Cash) and Fixed Assets. Issue of share capital: This transaction will increase the working capital as cash balance increases. This change (increase) in working capital is called as source of funds. Here the two accounts involved are current assets (Cash) and Shareholders’ Funds (Share Capital). Sale of Fixed Assets: The transaction will have the effect of increasing the working capital as the cash balance increases thereby increasing working capital. It is a source of funds. Here the accounts involved are current assets (Cash) and Fixed Assets. Redemption of debentures: This transaction has the effect of reducing the working capital, as it results in reduction in cash balance. It is an application of funds. The two accounts affected by this transaction are Current Assets (Cash) and Long-Term Liability (Debenture). Purchase of inventory: This transaction results in decrease in cash and increase in stock thereby keeping the total current assets at the same figure. Hence there will be no change in the Working Capital. In this case both the accounts involved are Current Assets (Cash and Stock). Accepting Bills Payable issued by creditors: The effect of this transaction on Working Capital is Nil as it results in increase in bills payable (a current liability) and decreases the creditors (another current liability). Since there is no change in total current liabilities there is no flow of funds. The accounts involved as current liabilities. Fixed Assets purchased and payment is made by issuing shares: This transaction will not have any impact on working capital as it does not result in any change either in the current asset or in the current liability. Hence there is no flow of funds. The two accounts affected are Fixed Assets and Shareholders’ Funds (Capital a/c). From the above examples, it is clear that there will be flow of funds when the transaction involves: a) Current assets and fixed assets b) Current assets and capital c) Current assets and long term liabilities d) Current liabilities and long term liabilities e) Current liabilities and fixed assets. How to cite Fund Flow Analysis, Essay examples

Rita Hayworth and Shawshank Redemption Essay Example

Rita Hayworth and Shawshank Redemption Paper The story of Rita Hayworth and Shawshank Redemption starts in 1947 when Andy Dufresne arrives at Shawshank prison. Unlikely the other convicts Andy is not a hardened criminal. He is a soft-spoken banker convicted of killing his wife and her lover. Andy claims he is innocent. Soon after he arrives at the prison The Sisters, a gang of prison rapists led by Bogs Diamond, turn their attentions to Andy. The story is narrated by Red. He is the guy who can get stuff. Red his well known for being able to get almost anything into Shawshank prison, and this is the reason that Andy approaches him. Andy has kept himself to himself, but one day approaches Red in the exercise yard. Andy used to enjoy rock-carving, and wishes to continue to do so inside the prison, now that he has plenty of time on his hands. He asks Red to get him a rock hammer. Red is a little suspicious at first, thinking this may be a lethal object (which it is). However he understands Andys request a little more when the hammer arrives. Andy used the hammer to shape himself rocks he finds in the exercise yard. He is aiming to complete an entire chess set. Andy and Red develop a very respectful friendship. We will write a custom essay sample on Rita Hayworth and Shawshank Redemption specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Rita Hayworth and Shawshank Redemption specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Rita Hayworth and Shawshank Redemption specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer After some time Andy comes into the movie theatre and asks Red to get him a poster of Rita Hayworth, who appears on the movie screen that Red is watching (This is the only reference to Rita Hayworth in the story). Red notices that Andy is uncharacteristically nervous and excited when asking for the poster. The prison agrees to provide prisons to tar the roof of a building. Obviously prisoners are keen to leave the prison even if it means hard labor. Red, being the influential man he is, discretely arranges for the guards to ensure that Red and his pals get the work detail. Whilst on the roof Hadley, the chief of the guard, is telling the other guards how he has been left an inheritance by his wealthy brother. The other guards are enthusiastic for him, however Hadley complains about the tax he will have to pay on the inheritance. Andy approachs Hadley, who nearly throws him off the roof. Buy Andy continues and explains that there is a loophole which allows Hadley to keep his entire inheritance, without paying tax. Andy offers to complete the paperwork in exchange for some beers for himself and his fellow work detail prisoners. This is a major event in the story as Andy become well regarded with his inmate friends and the guards. As with his life outside, Andy becomes a successful financial advisor inside the prison. The prison employees use Andy to complete their tax returns, loan applications and other similar financial tasks. In return the guards get Andy protection from Bogs and the other Sisters. Andy is also able to occupy his cell on his own, unlike most other inmates. In the book Andy does share his cell briefly with an Indian called Normaden. He soon leaves though, mentioning a bad draft in the cell whilst he was there. Normaden does not appear in the movie. In the movie all prisoners have their own cell. When Brooks the librarian is paroled, Andy takes over the librarian role. Andy sends weekly letters to the state senate asking for funds for books. The other inmates and guards think he is wasting his time. The state only spends prison money on bars, not books. Andy receives no response to his letters, until one day he does receive money (books in the movie). Andy then starts to write twice weekly. Andys persistent work grows the library greatly. Andy helps several other inmates to get their high school diplomas and degrees. One of the many wardens in the novel (there is only one Warden, Norton, in the movie) starts a program called Inside-Out, in which inmates work outside the prison for very low wages. Other companies cannot compete with this low-cost labor, and often bribe warden Norton not to bid on contracts. This cash has to be laundered, and Andy does this for free, for continued protection in the prison, and the sake of the library. A new prisoner called Tommy comes to Shawshank prison. Tommy tells another prisoner, who tells Andy, that Tommy had had a cellmate at a different prison who bragged about killing a rich golfer and some hot-shot bankers wife, and the banker getting jailed for it. This is clearly the real killer of Andys wife. Andy sees the possibility of a new trial since this evidence would prove his innocence. Warden Norton dismisses the story, telling Andy to ignore this made up story. When Andy argues with him warden Norton sends Andy to solitary confinement, to remind Andy of his place in the prison hierarchy. Norton interviews Tommy about the information he has. Norton is concerned about loosing Andy, and makes a deal with Tommy. Tommy will not talk of the information he has, and he gets transferred to a minimum security prison. In the movie Tommy is shot by guard Hadley. When Andy returns from solitary confinement he finds Tommy gone, along with any chance of Andys freedom. In Andys disappointed state he talks at length with Red. Andy tells Red of his dream of moving to Mexico, and settling in the small town of Zihuatanejo on the Pacific coastline. Red starts to worry about Andy, stating that he is talking funny. Andy tells Red of a town in Buxton in Maine, that was a special place for him and his wife. Andy tells Red that when he gets out of Shawshank, to locate a specific tree in a specific field in this town. Several weeks pass, and on one morning Andy is discovered missing at roll call. An initial search does not find Andy. The warden is looking in Andys cell when he discovers a poster covering the wall, now Raquel Welch. The warden removes the poster and finds a man-sized tunnel cut through the walls of the prison. Andy had been spending his evenings, since getting his rock hammer, slowly digging through the prison walls. On the night of his escape, once through the prison walls, Andy broke into a sewage pipe and crawled 500 yards through it, and finally came out into a ditch beyond the grounds of Shawshank prison. Andy was free. A while after Red gets a blank postcard from a small town in Texas (McNary), near the U. S. -Meixco border. Red knows this is Andy letting him know all is well, and he is heading to Mexico. Red is paroled and begins to make a life for himself outside of the prison. Red hick-hikes to Buxton, and finds the field and tree Andy has told him about. Red finds a buried tin, with a note from Andy, and a sum of money. Red violates his parole and catches a bus to Mexico, hoping to find his friend Andy. The novella ends here, but the movie has a final shot where we see Red waking across a sun drenched beach in Mexico, towards Andy who is working on his boat.

Who Invented Catseye Road Studs - Percy Shaw

Who Invented Catseye Road Studs - Percy Shaw Percy Shaw (1890-1976) was an English inventor best known for inventing cats eye road studs in 1934. Cats eyes are the road reflectors which help drivers see the road in the fog or at night. In 1947, British Labor Junior Transport Minister Jim Callaghan introduced cats eyes on British roads. Percy Shaw Manufacturer and inventor Percy Shaw was born on April 15, 1890, in Halifax, England. After attending the Boothtown boarding school, Percy Shaw began working as a laborer at a blanket mill at the age of thirteen, however, he studied shorthand and bookkeeping at night school. He started a repair business with his father fixing rollers, which evolved into a path and driveway building business. He designed a miniature motorized roller to aid him in building driveways and paths.​ Cats Eye Road Studs The area in which Percy Shaw lived was prone to fog and the local roads were often hazardous for motorists. Shaw decided to invent reflecting studs that would be set into the surface of unlit roads. He was inspired by the reflection of car headlights in road signs. In fact, he based the idea on another invention- reflective road signs that had been patented in 1927. Percy Shaw patented his Maltese cross-shaped road studs (U.K patent #436,290 and #457,536) and trademarked the name Cats Eye. He formed the Reflecting Roadstuds Ltd to manufacture the new road studs. However, sales were sluggish until the Ministry of Transport mandated Catseyes for British roads.

Habits and Traits of Hobo Spiders (Tegenaria agrestis)

Habits and Traits of Hobo Spiders (Tegenaria agrestis) The hobo spider, Tegenaria agrestis, is native to Europe, where it is considered harmless. But in North America, where it was introduced, people seem to believe the hobo spider is among the most dangerous creatures we can encounter in our homes. Its time to set the record straight about the hobo spider. Hobo Spider Description The features that distinguish Tegenaria agrestis from other similar-looking spiders are only visible under magnification. Arachnologists identify hobo spiders by examining their genitalia (reproductive organs), chelicerae (mouthparts), setae (body hairs), and eyes with a microscope. Directly stated, you cannot accurately identify a hobo spider by its color, markings, shape, or size, nor can you identify Tegenaria agrestis with the naked eye alone. The hobo spider is generally brown or rust in color, with a chevron or herringbone pattern on the dorsal side of the abdomen. This is not considered a diagnostic trait, however, and cannot be used to identify the species. Hobo spiders are medium in size (up to 15 mm in body length, not including the legs), with females slightly larger than males. Hobo spiders are venomous, but not considered dangerous in their native European range. In North America, hobo spiders have been considered a species of medical concern for the past several decades, although there doesnt seem to be any scientific evidence to support such an assertion about Tegenaria agrestis. No studies have proven that hobo spider venom causes necrosis of the skin in humans, as is often claimed. In fact, there has only been one documented case of a person developing skin necrosis after a hobo spider bite, and that patient had other medical issues also known to cause necrosis. Additionally, spider bites are extremely rare, and hobo spiders are no more inclined to bite a human than any other spider you might encounter. Think You Found a Hobo Spider? If you are concerned that you may have found a hobo spider in your home, there are a few things you can observe  to be sure your mystery spider is not a hobo spider. First, hobo spiders never have dark bands on their legs. Second, hobo spiders dont have two dark stripes on the cephalothorax. And third, if your spider has a shiny orange cephalothorax and smooth, shiny legs, it is not a hobo spider. Classification Kingdom - AnimaliaPhylum - ArthropodaClass – ArachnidaOrder – AraneaeFamily – AgelenidaeGenus – TegenariaSpecies - agrestis Diet Hobo spiders hunt other arthropods, primarily insects but sometimes other spiders. Life Cycle The hobo spider life cycle is believed to live  as long as three years in inland areas of North America, but just one year in coastal areas. Adult hobo spiders usually die in the fall after reproducing, but some adult females will overwinter. Hobo spiders reach adulthood and sexual maturity in the summer. Males wander in search of mates. When he finds a female in her web, the male hobo spider will approach her with caution so hes not mistaken as prey. He knocks at the funnel entrance by tapping a pattern on her web, and retreats and advances several times until she seems receptive. To finish his courtship of her, the male will add silk to her web. In early fall, mated females produce up to four egg sacs of up to 100 eggs each. The mother hobo spider attaches each egg sac to the underside of an object or surface. The spiderlings emerge the following spring. Special Behaviors and Defenses Hobo spiders belong to the family Agelenidae, known as the funnel-web spiders or funnel weavers. They construct horizontal webs with a funnel-shaped retreat, usually to one side, but sometimes in the center of the web. Hobo spiders tend to stay on or near the ground and wait for prey from within the safety of their silk retreats. Habitat Hobo spiders typically inhabit wood piles, landscape beds, and similar areas where they can construct their webs. When found near structures, theyre often seen in basement window wells or other darker, protected areas near the foundation. Hobo spiders dont usually live indoors, but occasionally make their way into peoples home. Look for them in the darkest corners of the basement, or along the perimeter of the basement floor. Range The hobo spider is native to Europe. In North America, Tenegaria agrestis is well-established in the Pacific Northwest, as well as parts of Utah, Colorado, Montana, Wyoming, and British Columbia. Other Common Names Some people call this species the aggressive house spider, but there is no truth to this characterization. Hobo spiders are quite docile, and only bite if provoked or cornered. Its believed that someone christened the spider with this misnomer, thinking the scientific name agrestis meant aggressive, and the name stuck. In fact, the name agrestis comes from the Latin for rural. Its also worth noting that an August 2013 analysis of European funnel-web spiders reclassified the hobo spider as Eratigena agrestis. But because this is not yet widely used, weve chosen to use the previous scientific name Tenegaria agrestis for the time being. Sources Vetter, Rick L, and Art Antonelli. How to Identify (and Misidentify) the Hobo Spider. UC Riverside and Washington State University.Hobo Spider.  UC IPM Online,  May 2006.Hobo Spiders (Tenegaria agrestis). Utah State University Extension.Myth: How to Recognize Hobo Spiders.  Burke Museum.Mullen, Gary R, and Lance A. Durden.  Medical and Veterinary Entomology. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2009.Russell, Richard C, Domenico Otranto, and Richard L. Wall.  The Encyclopedia of Medical and Veterinary Entomology. Wallingford: CABI, 2013.Family Agelenidae - Funnel Weavers. BugGuide.Net.

Negative Election Advertising and Its Impact Research Paper

Negative Election Advertising and Its Impact - Research Paper Example Negative advertising has steadily increased from the 1960s, and the messages emanating from these campaigns include  attacks  focused  on  individuals and their personal characteristics and issues or attacks that may be relevant or irrelevant to issues being handled at that moment. In this context, Jamieson  in her researches  suggested  that  negative advertisements focus  mainly on an adversary ’s failure  and are different from  contrast advertisements, where the latter provides  Ã¢â‚¬Å"explicit  comparisons  between  the  candidates’  qualities,  records  or  proposals† (Jamieson 99). Researchers have suggested that specific factors often affect the style and mode of negative advertising, such as certain traits of a candidate, characteristics like his or her political status, or gender of the candidate. Researchers further suggest  that  candidates appearing to trail during campaigns generally prefer using negative advertisements to gain a favorable position.  However, when differences between candidates are very small and one candidate is seen to be leading the campaign by a small margin, that person may resort to negative advertising to  maintain  and the gap and stop the opponents from catching up. The  gender of  the main  candidate  and  his or her adversary,  party  affiliations,  and  dissimilitude in  election  funding (between the chief candidate and his opponent)  also  affect the use of negative  advertising. A majority of the researches, until date, have explored negative advertising based on candidate dissimilarities. Various scholars have contended that gender is one of the crucial factors during choosing political campaign strategies where women candidates tend to relay their electoral messages (rhetoric) to the public in a different manner, owing to stereotypes that are gender-based.  Ã‚  

Critical paper for the film Whatever Works by woody Allen Essay

Critical paper for the film Whatever Works by woody Allen - Essay Example His most reoccurring theme in this movie is hard and painful life experienced by many Americans. He further manages to bring out the uncertainty of life. Through these issues, we as humans can reflect on our lives and learn to appreciate our time on earth due to the inevitability of death. His work provides an insight into the philosophy of life to the current and future generation. Like Boris, the present and future generations will realize that harsh realities of life and sufferings impact them enormously, as well as their works. With proper planning and wise decisions, people can easily evade misfortunes and lead better lives, not like the one led by Boris. What I find interesting is that Boris continually insults people, but despite this, people still love him. He does this in a humorous, innovative, and creative way. He adopts impressive and witty lines to inform the people of their foolishness and stupidity in the movie. It is evident when he is accused of hitting a young child with a chessboard, but he defends himself by stating, â€Å"I did not hit with it, I picked it up and dumped the piece on his head as an object lesson, to shake him out of his vegetable torpor†. It is interesting to learn that Boris does not come across as sour and unpleasant to the people he always insults. Majority of the people like and appreciate him since he is uniformly funny especially when delivering his insults. However, Allen appears to be provocative in his movie. I find the scenes in his film depicting majority of Americans as conservative and sexually repressed provocative. To him, any American citizen outside New York is ignorant and unenlightened on the current lifestyle. In addition, he says that they are homosexuals who do not find opposite sex attractive, but would rather make love to sheep. This movie provokes the rest of Americans. It creates bad blood between the rest of America and New York. Such words can cause

Development of Sustainable Water Management System

Development of Sustainable Water Management System 1.0 Introduction A regeneration project close to Bedford will see the construction of a hotel and a school, with both intended to be sustainable. Hunt et al. (2006) judge a developments sustainability based upon its impact upon the local environment, its cost effectiveness, both during and after construction, and also its impact upon society. These factors tend to relate, to varying degrees on different projects, to how sustainable the developments water usage is. Taking this into account, those designing and building the school and the hotel have put considerable time and effort into ensuring that the projects water management setup is from the very top of the line. The following report focuses on the design and implementation of the regeneration projects water management system, calculating the respective quantities of water required for the school and for the hospital to run effectively and evaluating the alternative green solutions available to ensure efficient use of water in the two buildings. Among the green technologies looked at, consideration will be given to collection, storage and usage of rainwater to supplement the water supply sourced from utilities companies. Recycled grey water will also be discussed as a possible means of saving water. Lastly, the report will look into methods of conserving water, explaining how they would be implemented and how effective they would be if utilised on this particular project. 2.0 Description of the Regeneration Project The school that is being constructed will be co-ed and will enrol up to 150 students, catering to children between the ages of six and twelve years old. The school will have a staff of sixteen: eight on full-time contracts, two providing maintenance services and the rest working on a part-time basis. The hotel that is being built will consist of fifty double-rooms and will take on four members of staff on a full-time basis. The schools roof will be made from pitched tiles, taking up approximately 385 m ­2, and approximately 600 m2 of smooth surface. The hotels roof will also be made from pitched tiles, but with no smooth surface. It will take up approximately 1,200 m2. 3.0 Estimating water requirements for the school and the hotel In order to come up with a water strategy, the water requirements of the two buildings must first be approximated. Bradford (2007) notes that for different kinds of end users, there are a variety of purposes that water can be used for, giving the example of the dissimilarity in the water usage patterns of domestic users compared with agricultural users. 3.1 Water requirements for the school The figures in Table 3.1 calculate the schools overall water consumption as being at 720 m3/year. Figure 3.1 breaks down the schools water consumption categorically, displaying the main uses to which water is put in terms of quantity. Flushing toilets takes up the largest proportion (36%) of water consumption (see Figure 3.1). 3.2 Water requirements for the hotel Hunt et al. (2006) note that there is great variation in the use of water at hotels. What consumption patterns there are tend to relate to water usage by the hotels guests, the presence or absence of a hotel swimming pool and the hotels star rating. As there is insufficient data regarding the hotels star rating and water consumption, a water usage estimate of 30 m3/bed space/year is made, as this is displayed in Table 3.2 (Waggett and Arotsky, 2006) to be the typical consumption in hotels without a rating that do not have swimming pools. With the average requirement of water estimated at 30 m3/bed space/year and with a total of fifty double-rooms, total demand can be approximated to be = 30*50*2 = 3000 m3. Hotels use their water supply for bathing, flushing toilets, drinking, cooking, cleaning and gardening. With no data available which can be used to break down water usage into its constituent elements, this is estimated using average UK domestic use (see Figure 3.2) and modified UK hotel use, based on single occupants (see Figure 3.2). 4.0 Non-potable water supply options for the school and the hotel Hastings (2006) differentiates between water that is fit for drinking, known as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"potable water, and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"non-potable water which, while it is not fit for ingestion, may still be utilised to flush toilets, for cleaning vehicles, buildings or clothes (in washing machines) or to irrigate land. While all non-potable water fails to meet the minimum required standards for drinking water, Hastings makes a further distinction between treated non-potable water, known as green water, and untreated non-potable water, referred to as grey water. 4.1 Rainwater harvesting (RH) The EA (2003) notes that rainwater collection may occur by gathering the water from roofs or from hard surfaces such as roads using down pipes (see Figure A-1 in the Appendix). The rainwater gathered can be utilised for any number of non-potable water uses. An approximation will be made here of the expected rainwater harvest from the two buildings being constructed. The rainwater harvests quality varies with elements from outside, like the amount of leaves or bird droppings contaminating the harvest. The impact of these elements can be lessened with the use of a protective filter to cover the rainwater outlet (Cornwall Energy Efficiency Advice Centre, 2007). The EA (2003) also notes that rainwater is of a good enough standard to not need treatment after it has been collected, before it can be used. The gathered water will be kept in an over-ground plastic tank, with its placement selected so as to minimise bacteria growth in hot weather, while also minimising frost when the weather is cold. Line filters will also be put in place. With the right choice of filter and of placement, bad smells and water discolouration can be lessened. 4.1.1 Determination of the quantity of gatherable rainwater for the hotel and The school Accurately calculating the best quantity of gatherable rainwater for the two buildings calls for a plan of the roofs catchment areas and also for rainfall data relating to the local area (see Figure 4.1) (covering the previous 20 years) It is not possible to gather all of the rain that falls on the buildings and transfer it to the plastic container in its entirety. Usually, rainfall harvests lose something in the region of 10%-60% of the water, varying with the kind of roof in question, the drainage coefficient of the material it has been made from (see Table 1) and the filter efficiency: always à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“0.9à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. It is also possible to lose rainwater if the container it collects in overflows due to heavy rainfall or low water usage (ibid, 2003). Table 4.1: Drainage coefficient for different roof types Roof type Runoff coefficient Pitched roof tiles 0.75 0.9 Flat roof with smooth tiles 0.5 Flat roof with gravel layer 0.4 0.5 (Source: EA, 2003) Based on the aforementioned data, it is possible to work out the potential rainfall harvest in a particular location by inputting the data into this formula (EA, 2008): Q = AAR x TCA x RC x FC where Q = Annual Gatherable Rainfall (litres) AAR = Annual Average Rainfall (mm/yr) TCA = Total Catchment Area (m2) RC = Runoff Coefficient FC = Filter Coefficient 1. For the school As, logically, a larger roof will allow for the collection of a greater quantity of rainwater, it is important to be aware of the roof area. The roof surface areas and their construction materials are: Pitched roof tiles 600 m2 Flat roof (smooth surface) 385 m2 According to Table 4.1, the minimum possible RC for pitched roof tiles is 0.75, while the RC for smooth surface roofs is 0.5 AAR = Annual Average Rainfall (mm/yr) =à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ Average Rainfall (mm) for the 12 Month period illustrated by Figure 4.1 = 573mm The Annual Collectable Rainfall (litres), Q = ((600 m2 X (573 mm) X 0.75) + (385 m2 X (573 mm) X 0.5)) X 0.9 = 331,337.25 litres per annum. = 331.34 m3 per annum. This is a lower value than that of the predicted total annual water demand for the school. 2. For the hotel The hotels roof area is 1,200 m2, entirely made from pitched roof tiles. Q = 1,200 X 573 X 0.75 X 0.9 = 464,130 litres per annum = 464.13 m3per annum. This value also falls below predicted annual water demand for the hotel. Table A-1 (see Appendix A) approximates the monthly rainfall harvest for the two buildings, using the aforementioned equation and using the RC of pitched roof tiles. The figures for the predicted rainfall harvest and the predicted water requirements point to a shortfall in the ability of the rainwater to fulfil the projects water requirements. However, the rainwater may still play a significant role, perhaps covering the two buildings toilet flushing needs, for instance. 4.1.2 Sizing the storage tank in the RH system for the two buildings The EA (2003) notes that the storage tanks purchase price is the most expensive element of setting up the RH system and so deciding upon the right size for it is very important. The biggest tank will not necessarily be the most efficient in the long run and so it is important to work out the optimal size, so that the buildings can harvest sufficient rainwater without overspending. The quantity of water that is kept in the tank should ideally approach the quantity that is required to service the two buildings. The choice of tank must account for price, size and a minimum of two water overflows each year, in order to get rid of unwanted objects in the tank-water. The project planners may also want to invest in a first flush device (Well, 2003) to ensure that the initial water flow, which will contain debris that has collected on the roof, does not enter the tank, keeping its contents relatively clean. The makers and retailers of the rainfall harvest setup will have means of determining the best tank size for the project. In fact, some of them have applications available for visitors to their websites to work out the optimum size for their needs (e.g. Klargesters Envireau products, available at www.klargester.com) and these are handy for making an initial estimate of how much they need to spend. It is best for the planners to go on to discuss this choice with experts in this area. Figure 4.2: Water balance for approximation of rainwater storage capacity The EA (2003) notes that the capacity needed will vary according to elements including rainfall patterns, catchment areas, demand patterns, retention time, cost of parts and the cost of and access to alternative supplies. The Development Technology Unit (2008) also states that the level of capacity needed will be based upon several elements, such as weather and rain data, roof surface area, RC and data regarding the number of consumers and the amount of water they use on average. It goes on to suggest several means of setting the size of system parts: Method 1 the demand-side approach (see Appendix A). Method 2 calculating the size of the tank based on elements such as storage capacity, overflow and drainage (the supply-side approach) (see Appendix A). Method 3 computer model (see Appendix A). The methods differ in terms of how sophisticated and how complex they are. Some of them can easily be undertaken by people without specialist knowledge, whereas some need specialists familiar with complicated software. The major elements contributing to the method selected include: the size and the complexity of the system and its parts the availability of the components that are necessary to operate using a specific method (e.g. computers) the required skills and technical knowledge/training among the practitioners/designers. Also, according to the EA (2008), tank size tends to be based upon either the capacity required for 18 days or a 5% share of the annual yield (whichever of the two is lower). This method will be combined with the supply-side method to determine the tank capacity for this project (see Appendix A). 1. Calculating the optimal tank size based upon the predicted rain yield: The EA (2003) formula for working out the best tank capacity for the rainfall harvest setup is as follows: Tank capacity (litres) = Roof area (m2) x drainage factor x filter efficiency x annual rainfall (mm) x 0.05 For the school Optimal tank capacity (litres) = (600* 0.75* 0.9* 573 mm*0.05) + (385*0.5* 0.9* 573 mm*0.05) = 16566.86 litres = 16.57 m3 For the hotel Optimal tank capacity (litres) = (1,200* 0.75* 0.9* 573 mm*0.05) = 23206.5 litres = 23.21 m3 2. Calculating the optimal tank capacity using the idea of holding 18days- worth of demand: Collection tank volume = days storage x average daily demand For the school The à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Estimating water demands for the hotel and school section and the figures in Chapter 3 show that the overall quantity of water used to flush toilets, irrigate soil and clean is 612 m3 per annum for the school building. This exceeds the estimated annual rainfall harvest. This being the case, the RH tank will provide water for flushing toilet, with the tank storage for 18 days equalling: (268 m3/365 days)*(18 days) = 13.22 m3 For the hotel According to the figures in Chapter 3, the overall average water requirement at the hotel is 3000 m3. The quantity used to flush toilets, irrigate soil and clean amounts to roughly 53% of the hotels water requirement: roughly 1590 m2 per annum. This requirement cannot be covered in total by the RH alone. This being the case, the RH will be limited to cleaning and/or irrigating or to flushing toilets. Even within these limitations, there may not be sufficient rainwater for these tasks. Using the average daily requirement for toilet flushing: the tank storage = (3000 x 0.35) m3/365days x 18 = 51.79 m3 Using the average daily requirement for cleaning or irrigating: the tank storage = (3000 x (0.12 + 0.06)) m3/365days x 18 = 26.63 m3 Using the aforementioned EA (2003) data, a smaller size is optimal. This being the case, if the RH is used to flush toilets, the respective tank sizes for the hotel and the school are going to be 23 m3 and 14 m3. If the method of estimation used is the supply-side method (i.e. it is based upon capacity, overflow and drainage (see the tdix A)), the the optimal respective tank sizes for the hotel and the school will be 35 m3recomm3 m3 and 35 m3ing for these figures is represented bycalculations ad A-3 (seein Appendix A)The selection ultimately made may depend on a combination of these methods of calculation, as well as the price of the tankAfter this, th 4.2 Grey water recycling at the school and the hotel Metcalf and Eddy (1991) refer to two kinds of wastewater. These are grey and black wastewater. Black water has been flushed down toilets, passed through the drainage system and on to treatment plants. Black water is contaminated with more pollutants than grey water. Grey water accounts for all of the wastewater which has not been used to flush toilets (EA, 2003). It can be treated and then reused for flushing toilets or irrigating soil (Metcalf and Eddy, 1991). Both Waggett (2004) and the EA (2008) refer to grey water from washing machines, kitchen sinks and dishwashers as black wastewater, as it is heavily contaminated and can contain large amounts of grease and food particles. Figures 3.1 and 3.3 illustrate that the two buildings will produce grey water at the levels of 55% at the hotel and 32% at the school, 32% and al. (2007) nostate thatis typeg is treated usingrequires biologicalnt systems,by followed by sand filters andts, as the water is heavily contaminatedion because of the high levels treatmeused to flush toilets or irrigate soilThis treated water can be used for toilet flushing and grounwash basins were be colltic decreasing would occur. Collecteequires a physting oninfected sandsith disinfection and membranes suct et al, 2006). This treated watd to flushfor toilets flushing. Figure 4.3: Schematic of the grey water recycling system to be installed (Source: Birks et al., 2001) Grey water is of lower quality than harvested rainwater and always needs treatment before it is used; There areinotgenerally recognised official aegulations regarding grey waters standard of cleanliness before it can be reusedtoPidou et al., 2007) and individual nations decide upon their own minimum quality requirements. Fs it stands, the UK has no official regulations regarding wastewater usageUnfy wain ). Waggett (2004) nostates thahis lack of legislation is a limiting factor to grey and rainwater usage.one of the eyd rainf standards have been put forward by a number of organisations, complicating matters for those wishing to make use of these green solutionsThis makes a sufficient specificationt the subject have found that project planners should ideally set up The majority of the studies available conclude that it is best to operat level of of a health risk exists and what forms of water treatment they should make herefore, the level of treatment required. There are some highly d etailed research papdocor the water quality standards for non-potable water re and greywatergrey water) wn in Appendix B. For the project under consideration here, it would probably be best to gather and treat grey water for use in toilet flushingf Figures 3.2 and 3.3 display the grey water percentages from showers, baths and hand basins as being 28% for the hotel and 2% for the schools As the school produces relatively little grey water, it is probably best not to bother recycling it in the case of this building, for cost effectiveness purposesTrn the scrin it. He hotel pr a significant quantity of grey water, which will be worth reusing. According toTherefore, economically only the greywbe ey water is generallyeopriate technology for community buildings such as schools, libraries, places of worship and community centresà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. The health risks associated with This is because of the potential concerns wither, parthildren are likely to be presresponsible for this. cleanliness especially where children are exposed to the water and little greywatergrey watinn technology would no ve in the case ft According to Waggett (2004), non-potable (grey or RH) water can be utilised for sub-surface irrigation, as long as no spray mechanisms are involved. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Direct reuseà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? is another option in areas like laundries (e.g. reusing water from the final rinse for the next washs first rinse). This application may be included in the hotels design and implemented during construction, though many hotels outsource their clothes cleaning services. recycling shows the methodology for the design of the grey water recycling system. The hotels grey water will provide 80% of its total water requirement for flushing toilets (28% grey water compared to 35% needed for flushing), with potable water or rainwater automatically supplementing the produced rrecyclin collectio only at 2s insufficient tof theile (see Figure 4.1). recycling004) noteshows thatandit is possible wateh be used in one water setup, and while this increases the quantity of water collected from that which could be expected from a simple RH system, it creates a need for a larger tank to store all of the water and for a greater quantity of chemicals with which to treat the water, both of which will be costly for the projectand rainwater in the same watys 5.0 Discussion and quantification of options for water conservation at the development site Braithwaite (2006) posits that all developments that aim to be sustainable need to contribute positively to society, be sympathetic to their local environment and ensure that they are cost effective. These factors are referred to as the pillars of sustainable development (Hunt and Rogers, 2005). This part of the report evaluates the potential methods for decreasing the buildings water requirements in terms of their impact upon the aforementioned pillars of sustainable development. The cost effectiveness of the options If less water is required, then less money will be spent on sewage treatment and savings will also be made in terms of spending on water (Otterpohl, 2006). The savings on water will not necessarily be very large, as UK water prices are not high. The savings made by implementing the green technologies would need to be set against the cost of their implementation in order to work out how long it would take for them to financially justify the expenditure. The necessary predictions of expected usage would be difficult to make, particularly for the school building, which would have very low usage during holiday periods. In the case of the school, grey water would probably not be cost effective (as discussed earlier) and would probably need a very long time to make sufficient savings to cover is not co2003) estimate a 30% saving on water expenditure is needed to justify investment in the reuse of grey water and it is unlikely that this would be achieved at the schoolMoreover, at the se kitchen eyecyclis Grey water would, however, be cost effective in hotels; especially big hotels with en-suite accommodation, as customers would consume large quantities of water systems afihite bathrooms and powerful showers an expected part of modern hotels, water consumption is actually higher in the newer establishments, making recycling of non-potable water even more relevantUnlike the majoritutilise treated grey water for toilet flushing when it is busy and revert to its main supply when there are few customer, in order to avoid keeping the grey water in their tank for extended periods. This is common practice in countries with low rainfallrefore, greywatergrey water is The extra setup required to circulate the treated grey water around the hotel would need significant expenditure from those funding the project and this would have to be given serious thought before deciding whether it would pay off in the long term. Rain harvesting setups are fairly commonplace at UK schools, as the water is considered to be fairly clean and the running costs are not too. With a lot of water used for toilet flushing, there would be a need for a big tank at the school, which could lead to a big saving over. To carry out a similar harvesting operation, the hotel would require both a large harvesting area (on the roof) and sufficient room to keep the tank. This would probably not be workable for most hotels. Establishments with swimming pools might consider harvesting and treating water to use in their pool. Social costs The costs to society of these solutions would take the form of problems with their acceptability and/or their reliability (Hunt et al., 2006) (see Appendix C). Environmental costs Braithwaite (2006) views sustainability and environmental protection as being more or less the same thing, with an emphasis upon ensuring that the construction and the running of the buildings is not damaging to the local area going forward. To ensure this does not happen, evaluation of the likely negative externalities of the technologies put forward is needed. Water sustainability for the project might be measured in terms of factors such as impact on the climate, biological diversity and resource depletion. While all of these factors have an environmental aspect to them, climate effects can also create problems in economic terms as well as problems for society in general (Hunt et al., 2006). The recommended technologies need to be beneficial in terms of future sustainability, with emphasis placed on decreasing both the quantity of water that is wasted and the quantity that is obtained from the mains source. Integrated costs On most projects, planners would tend to opt for familiar solutions that are known to be effective over new ones which they might perceive as inherently risky and this might be a factor in the selection made here, particularly in the case of the school, given consideration of the involvement of children (Hunt et al., 2006). As well as the interests of the planners and developers, it is important perhaps most important to give consideration to how the solutions would impact upon the people ultimately using the facilities being discussed. With no official standards for the condition required of non-potable water before it can be used, careful planning is needed to make certain that no errors are made that could potentially cause harm to customers or students. Hotels often take the precaution of labelling water sources such as sinks that provide non-potable water. Another precaution, which might be made use of at the school, would be to use quality gpes (EA, 2008). Prior to selecting one of the options, the projects planners should assess how efficient they are by looking into both how secure and how durable their supply of water will be (Hunt et al., 2006). With the rainfall system being wholly reliant upon the weather, this is quite an insecure option, as unexpectedly dry weather will significantly harm the effectiveness of the solution. This might put off the planners, particularly in the case of the hotel, with grey water reuse preferred due to its greater regularity of supply, regardless of the changing seasons, climate or weather patterns recyclingal., 2006). Therefore 6.0 Conclusions and recommendations The report posits an approach to setting up a sustainable system for managing water at a brownfield development site where a hotel and a school are being constructed. The buildings water requirements are approximated from information provided from the exercise paper and CIRIA report no. C657. The report also considers two alternatives for green technologies to help ensure that the buildings have a sustainable water supply, namely the harvesting of rainfall and the reuse of grey water from the buildings recyclinglutions would both provide non-potable water, with the rainwater of a higher standard than the grey water, which would require treatment before it could be reintroduced to the water system, even for uses not involving human ingestion supplied from thes or regulations regarding RH or grey water quality in the United Kingdom, it would be best to utilise the water for functions such as sub-surface irrigation or flushingAs there are not agreed wateould provide sufficient water to fully supply these functions, but could still significantly supplement the water provided by the mains supplyIn addition, that all these uses can not be fully coven to analyse poteo, there iscription in order to identify the methods of qurnservation at the school and the hotel, ultimately recommending that. water produced by grey water treatment and RH should be utilised for toilet flushing, so as to make savings on water costs and sewage fees. the RH setup is better suited to the school in terms of sustainability, cost effectiveness and viability than the grey water reuse setup and should be implemented at the school with no grey water treatment operation introduced. grey water and RH setups should be implemented for the hotel, either in a combined system or separately, so as to make savings and improve the hotels water sustainability by supplying the establishments toilet flushing function. water costs and sewage fees are fairly cheap, whereas the costs of implementing either of the suggested green solutions are significantly higher, meaning that these technologies are not commonplace in the UK recyclingthe current situation, population growth and environmental changes are likely to create greater water scarcity and make these approaches to the provision of non-potable water far more common, with governments legislating in their support. However, the growi there is a need for the EA, the government or another relevant organisation to set up official regulations for non-potable water quality in the UK. Development of Sustainable Water Management System Development of Sustainable Water Management System 1.0 Introduction A regeneration project close to Bedford will see the construction of a hotel and a school, with both intended to be sustainable. Hunt et al. (2006) judge a developments sustainability based upon its impact upon the local environment, its cost effectiveness, both during and after construction, and also its impact upon society. These factors tend to relate, to varying degrees on different projects, to how sustainable the developments water usage is. Taking this into account, those designing and building the school and the hotel have put considerable time and effort into ensuring that the projects water management setup is from the very top of the line. The following report focuses on the design and implementation of the regeneration projects water management system, calculating the respective quantities of water required for the school and for the hospital to run effectively and evaluating the alternative green solutions available to ensure efficient use of water in the two buildings. Among the green technologies looked at, consideration will be given to collection, storage and usage of rainwater to supplement the water supply sourced from utilities companies. Recycled grey water will also be discussed as a possible means of saving water. Lastly, the report will look into methods of conserving water, explaining how they would be implemented and how effective they would be if utilised on this particular project. 2.0 Description of the Regeneration Project The school that is being constructed will be co-ed and will enrol up to 150 students, catering to children between the ages of six and twelve years old. The school will have a staff of sixteen: eight on full-time contracts, two providing maintenance services and the rest working on a part-time basis. The hotel that is being built will consist of fifty double-rooms and will take on four members of staff on a full-time basis. The schools roof will be made from pitched tiles, taking up approximately 385 m ­2, and approximately 600 m2 of smooth surface. The hotels roof will also be made from pitched tiles, but with no smooth surface. It will take up approximately 1,200 m2. 3.0 Estimating water requirements for the school and the hotel In order to come up with a water strategy, the water requirements of the two buildings must first be approximated. Bradford (2007) notes that for different kinds of end users, there are a variety of purposes that water can be used for, giving the example of the dissimilarity in the water usage patterns of domestic users compared with agricultural users. 3.1 Water requirements for the school The figures in Table 3.1 calculate the schools overall water consumption as being at 720 m3/year. Figure 3.1 breaks down the schools water consumption categorically, displaying the main uses to which water is put in terms of quantity. Flushing toilets takes up the largest proportion (36%) of water consumption (see Figure 3.1). 3.2 Water requirements for the hotel Hunt et al. (2006) note that there is great variation in the use of water at hotels. What consumption patterns there are tend to relate to water usage by the hotels guests, the presence or absence of a hotel swimming pool and the hotels star rating. As there is insufficient data regarding the hotels star rating and water consumption, a water usage estimate of 30 m3/bed space/year is made, as this is displayed in Table 3.2 (Waggett and Arotsky, 2006) to be the typical consumption in hotels without a rating that do not have swimming pools. With the average requirement of water estimated at 30 m3/bed space/year and with a total of fifty double-rooms, total demand can be approximated to be = 30*50*2 = 3000 m3. Hotels use their water supply for bathing, flushing toilets, drinking, cooking, cleaning and gardening. With no data available which can be used to break down water usage into its constituent elements, this is estimated using average UK domestic use (see Figure 3.2) and modified UK hotel use, based on single occupants (see Figure 3.2). 4.0 Non-potable water supply options for the school and the hotel Hastings (2006) differentiates between water that is fit for drinking, known as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"potable water, and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"non-potable water which, while it is not fit for ingestion, may still be utilised to flush toilets, for cleaning vehicles, buildings or clothes (in washing machines) or to irrigate land. While all non-potable water fails to meet the minimum required standards for drinking water, Hastings makes a further distinction between treated non-potable water, known as green water, and untreated non-potable water, referred to as grey water. 4.1 Rainwater harvesting (RH) The EA (2003) notes that rainwater collection may occur by gathering the water from roofs or from hard surfaces such as roads using down pipes (see Figure A-1 in the Appendix). The rainwater gathered can be utilised for any number of non-potable water uses. An approximation will be made here of the expected rainwater harvest from the two buildings being constructed. The rainwater harvests quality varies with elements from outside, like the amount of leaves or bird droppings contaminating the harvest. The impact of these elements can be lessened with the use of a protective filter to cover the rainwater outlet (Cornwall Energy Efficiency Advice Centre, 2007). The EA (2003) also notes that rainwater is of a good enough standard to not need treatment after it has been collected, before it can be used. The gathered water will be kept in an over-ground plastic tank, with its placement selected so as to minimise bacteria growth in hot weather, while also minimising frost when the weather is cold. Line filters will also be put in place. With the right choice of filter and of placement, bad smells and water discolouration can be lessened. 4.1.1 Determination of the quantity of gatherable rainwater for the hotel and The school Accurately calculating the best quantity of gatherable rainwater for the two buildings calls for a plan of the roofs catchment areas and also for rainfall data relating to the local area (see Figure 4.1) (covering the previous 20 years) It is not possible to gather all of the rain that falls on the buildings and transfer it to the plastic container in its entirety. Usually, rainfall harvests lose something in the region of 10%-60% of the water, varying with the kind of roof in question, the drainage coefficient of the material it has been made from (see Table 1) and the filter efficiency: always à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“0.9à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. It is also possible to lose rainwater if the container it collects in overflows due to heavy rainfall or low water usage (ibid, 2003). Table 4.1: Drainage coefficient for different roof types Roof type Runoff coefficient Pitched roof tiles 0.75 0.9 Flat roof with smooth tiles 0.5 Flat roof with gravel layer 0.4 0.5 (Source: EA, 2003) Based on the aforementioned data, it is possible to work out the potential rainfall harvest in a particular location by inputting the data into this formula (EA, 2008): Q = AAR x TCA x RC x FC where Q = Annual Gatherable Rainfall (litres) AAR = Annual Average Rainfall (mm/yr) TCA = Total Catchment Area (m2) RC = Runoff Coefficient FC = Filter Coefficient 1. For the school As, logically, a larger roof will allow for the collection of a greater quantity of rainwater, it is important to be aware of the roof area. The roof surface areas and their construction materials are: Pitched roof tiles 600 m2 Flat roof (smooth surface) 385 m2 According to Table 4.1, the minimum possible RC for pitched roof tiles is 0.75, while the RC for smooth surface roofs is 0.5 AAR = Annual Average Rainfall (mm/yr) =à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ Average Rainfall (mm) for the 12 Month period illustrated by Figure 4.1 = 573mm The Annual Collectable Rainfall (litres), Q = ((600 m2 X (573 mm) X 0.75) + (385 m2 X (573 mm) X 0.5)) X 0.9 = 331,337.25 litres per annum. = 331.34 m3 per annum. This is a lower value than that of the predicted total annual water demand for the school. 2. For the hotel The hotels roof area is 1,200 m2, entirely made from pitched roof tiles. Q = 1,200 X 573 X 0.75 X 0.9 = 464,130 litres per annum = 464.13 m3per annum. This value also falls below predicted annual water demand for the hotel. Table A-1 (see Appendix A) approximates the monthly rainfall harvest for the two buildings, using the aforementioned equation and using the RC of pitched roof tiles. The figures for the predicted rainfall harvest and the predicted water requirements point to a shortfall in the ability of the rainwater to fulfil the projects water requirements. However, the rainwater may still play a significant role, perhaps covering the two buildings toilet flushing needs, for instance. 4.1.2 Sizing the storage tank in the RH system for the two buildings The EA (2003) notes that the storage tanks purchase price is the most expensive element of setting up the RH system and so deciding upon the right size for it is very important. The biggest tank will not necessarily be the most efficient in the long run and so it is important to work out the optimal size, so that the buildings can harvest sufficient rainwater without overspending. The quantity of water that is kept in the tank should ideally approach the quantity that is required to service the two buildings. The choice of tank must account for price, size and a minimum of two water overflows each year, in order to get rid of unwanted objects in the tank-water. The project planners may also want to invest in a first flush device (Well, 2003) to ensure that the initial water flow, which will contain debris that has collected on the roof, does not enter the tank, keeping its contents relatively clean. The makers and retailers of the rainfall harvest setup will have means of determining the best tank size for the project. In fact, some of them have applications available for visitors to their websites to work out the optimum size for their needs (e.g. Klargesters Envireau products, available at www.klargester.com) and these are handy for making an initial estimate of how much they need to spend. It is best for the planners to go on to discuss this choice with experts in this area. Figure 4.2: Water balance for approximation of rainwater storage capacity The EA (2003) notes that the capacity needed will vary according to elements including rainfall patterns, catchment areas, demand patterns, retention time, cost of parts and the cost of and access to alternative supplies. The Development Technology Unit (2008) also states that the level of capacity needed will be based upon several elements, such as weather and rain data, roof surface area, RC and data regarding the number of consumers and the amount of water they use on average. It goes on to suggest several means of setting the size of system parts: Method 1 the demand-side approach (see Appendix A). Method 2 calculating the size of the tank based on elements such as storage capacity, overflow and drainage (the supply-side approach) (see Appendix A). Method 3 computer model (see Appendix A). The methods differ in terms of how sophisticated and how complex they are. Some of them can easily be undertaken by people without specialist knowledge, whereas some need specialists familiar with complicated software. The major elements contributing to the method selected include: the size and the complexity of the system and its parts the availability of the components that are necessary to operate using a specific method (e.g. computers) the required skills and technical knowledge/training among the practitioners/designers. Also, according to the EA (2008), tank size tends to be based upon either the capacity required for 18 days or a 5% share of the annual yield (whichever of the two is lower). This method will be combined with the supply-side method to determine the tank capacity for this project (see Appendix A). 1. Calculating the optimal tank size based upon the predicted rain yield: The EA (2003) formula for working out the best tank capacity for the rainfall harvest setup is as follows: Tank capacity (litres) = Roof area (m2) x drainage factor x filter efficiency x annual rainfall (mm) x 0.05 For the school Optimal tank capacity (litres) = (600* 0.75* 0.9* 573 mm*0.05) + (385*0.5* 0.9* 573 mm*0.05) = 16566.86 litres = 16.57 m3 For the hotel Optimal tank capacity (litres) = (1,200* 0.75* 0.9* 573 mm*0.05) = 23206.5 litres = 23.21 m3 2. Calculating the optimal tank capacity using the idea of holding 18days- worth of demand: Collection tank volume = days storage x average daily demand For the school The à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Estimating water demands for the hotel and school section and the figures in Chapter 3 show that the overall quantity of water used to flush toilets, irrigate soil and clean is 612 m3 per annum for the school building. This exceeds the estimated annual rainfall harvest. This being the case, the RH tank will provide water for flushing toilet, with the tank storage for 18 days equalling: (268 m3/365 days)*(18 days) = 13.22 m3 For the hotel According to the figures in Chapter 3, the overall average water requirement at the hotel is 3000 m3. The quantity used to flush toilets, irrigate soil and clean amounts to roughly 53% of the hotels water requirement: roughly 1590 m2 per annum. This requirement cannot be covered in total by the RH alone. This being the case, the RH will be limited to cleaning and/or irrigating or to flushing toilets. Even within these limitations, there may not be sufficient rainwater for these tasks. Using the average daily requirement for toilet flushing: the tank storage = (3000 x 0.35) m3/365days x 18 = 51.79 m3 Using the average daily requirement for cleaning or irrigating: the tank storage = (3000 x (0.12 + 0.06)) m3/365days x 18 = 26.63 m3 Using the aforementioned EA (2003) data, a smaller size is optimal. This being the case, if the RH is used to flush toilets, the respective tank sizes for the hotel and the school are going to be 23 m3 and 14 m3. If the method of estimation used is the supply-side method (i.e. it is based upon capacity, overflow and drainage (see the tdix A)), the the optimal respective tank sizes for the hotel and the school will be 35 m3recomm3 m3 and 35 m3ing for these figures is represented bycalculations ad A-3 (seein Appendix A)The selection ultimately made may depend on a combination of these methods of calculation, as well as the price of the tankAfter this, th 4.2 Grey water recycling at the school and the hotel Metcalf and Eddy (1991) refer to two kinds of wastewater. These are grey and black wastewater. Black water has been flushed down toilets, passed through the drainage system and on to treatment plants. Black water is contaminated with more pollutants than grey water. Grey water accounts for all of the wastewater which has not been used to flush toilets (EA, 2003). It can be treated and then reused for flushing toilets or irrigating soil (Metcalf and Eddy, 1991). Both Waggett (2004) and the EA (2008) refer to grey water from washing machines, kitchen sinks and dishwashers as black wastewater, as it is heavily contaminated and can contain large amounts of grease and food particles. Figures 3.1 and 3.3 illustrate that the two buildings will produce grey water at the levels of 55% at the hotel and 32% at the school, 32% and al. (2007) nostate thatis typeg is treated usingrequires biologicalnt systems,by followed by sand filters andts, as the water is heavily contaminatedion because of the high levels treatmeused to flush toilets or irrigate soilThis treated water can be used for toilet flushing and grounwash basins were be colltic decreasing would occur. Collecteequires a physting oninfected sandsith disinfection and membranes suct et al, 2006). This treated watd to flushfor toilets flushing. Figure 4.3: Schematic of the grey water recycling system to be installed (Source: Birks et al., 2001) Grey water is of lower quality than harvested rainwater and always needs treatment before it is used; There areinotgenerally recognised official aegulations regarding grey waters standard of cleanliness before it can be reusedtoPidou et al., 2007) and individual nations decide upon their own minimum quality requirements. Fs it stands, the UK has no official regulations regarding wastewater usageUnfy wain ). Waggett (2004) nostates thahis lack of legislation is a limiting factor to grey and rainwater usage.one of the eyd rainf standards have been put forward by a number of organisations, complicating matters for those wishing to make use of these green solutionsThis makes a sufficient specificationt the subject have found that project planners should ideally set up The majority of the studies available conclude that it is best to operat level of of a health risk exists and what forms of water treatment they should make herefore, the level of treatment required. There are some highly d etailed research papdocor the water quality standards for non-potable water re and greywatergrey water) wn in Appendix B. For the project under consideration here, it would probably be best to gather and treat grey water for use in toilet flushingf Figures 3.2 and 3.3 display the grey water percentages from showers, baths and hand basins as being 28% for the hotel and 2% for the schools As the school produces relatively little grey water, it is probably best not to bother recycling it in the case of this building, for cost effectiveness purposesTrn the scrin it. He hotel pr a significant quantity of grey water, which will be worth reusing. According toTherefore, economically only the greywbe ey water is generallyeopriate technology for community buildings such as schools, libraries, places of worship and community centresà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. The health risks associated with This is because of the potential concerns wither, parthildren are likely to be presresponsible for this. cleanliness especially where children are exposed to the water and little greywatergrey watinn technology would no ve in the case ft According to Waggett (2004), non-potable (grey or RH) water can be utilised for sub-surface irrigation, as long as no spray mechanisms are involved. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Direct reuseà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? is another option in areas like laundries (e.g. reusing water from the final rinse for the next washs first rinse). This application may be included in the hotels design and implemented during construction, though many hotels outsource their clothes cleaning services. recycling shows the methodology for the design of the grey water recycling system. The hotels grey water will provide 80% of its total water requirement for flushing toilets (28% grey water compared to 35% needed for flushing), with potable water or rainwater automatically supplementing the produced rrecyclin collectio only at 2s insufficient tof theile (see Figure 4.1). recycling004) noteshows thatandit is possible wateh be used in one water setup, and while this increases the quantity of water collected from that which could be expected from a simple RH system, it creates a need for a larger tank to store all of the water and for a greater quantity of chemicals with which to treat the water, both of which will be costly for the projectand rainwater in the same watys 5.0 Discussion and quantification of options for water conservation at the development site Braithwaite (2006) posits that all developments that aim to be sustainable need to contribute positively to society, be sympathetic to their local environment and ensure that they are cost effective. These factors are referred to as the pillars of sustainable development (Hunt and Rogers, 2005). This part of the report evaluates the potential methods for decreasing the buildings water requirements in terms of their impact upon the aforementioned pillars of sustainable development. The cost effectiveness of the options If less water is required, then less money will be spent on sewage treatment and savings will also be made in terms of spending on water (Otterpohl, 2006). The savings on water will not necessarily be very large, as UK water prices are not high. The savings made by implementing the green technologies would need to be set against the cost of their implementation in order to work out how long it would take for them to financially justify the expenditure. The necessary predictions of expected usage would be difficult to make, particularly for the school building, which would have very low usage during holiday periods. In the case of the school, grey water would probably not be cost effective (as discussed earlier) and would probably need a very long time to make sufficient savings to cover is not co2003) estimate a 30% saving on water expenditure is needed to justify investment in the reuse of grey water and it is unlikely that this would be achieved at the schoolMoreover, at the se kitchen eyecyclis Grey water would, however, be cost effective in hotels; especially big hotels with en-suite accommodation, as customers would consume large quantities of water systems afihite bathrooms and powerful showers an expected part of modern hotels, water consumption is actually higher in the newer establishments, making recycling of non-potable water even more relevantUnlike the majoritutilise treated grey water for toilet flushing when it is busy and revert to its main supply when there are few customer, in order to avoid keeping the grey water in their tank for extended periods. This is common practice in countries with low rainfallrefore, greywatergrey water is The extra setup required to circulate the treated grey water around the hotel would need significant expenditure from those funding the project and this would have to be given serious thought before deciding whether it would pay off in the long term. Rain harvesting setups are fairly commonplace at UK schools, as the water is considered to be fairly clean and the running costs are not too. With a lot of water used for toilet flushing, there would be a need for a big tank at the school, which could lead to a big saving over. To carry out a similar harvesting operation, the hotel would require both a large harvesting area (on the roof) and sufficient room to keep the tank. This would probably not be workable for most hotels. Establishments with swimming pools might consider harvesting and treating water to use in their pool. Social costs The costs to society of these solutions would take the form of problems with their acceptability and/or their reliability (Hunt et al., 2006) (see Appendix C). Environmental costs Braithwaite (2006) views sustainability and environmental protection as being more or less the same thing, with an emphasis upon ensuring that the construction and the running of the buildings is not damaging to the local area going forward. To ensure this does not happen, evaluation of the likely negative externalities of the technologies put forward is needed. Water sustainability for the project might be measured in terms of factors such as impact on the climate, biological diversity and resource depletion. While all of these factors have an environmental aspect to them, climate effects can also create problems in economic terms as well as problems for society in general (Hunt et al., 2006). The recommended technologies need to be beneficial in terms of future sustainability, with emphasis placed on decreasing both the quantity of water that is wasted and the quantity that is obtained from the mains source. Integrated costs On most projects, planners would tend to opt for familiar solutions that are known to be effective over new ones which they might perceive as inherently risky and this might be a factor in the selection made here, particularly in the case of the school, given consideration of the involvement of children (Hunt et al., 2006). As well as the interests of the planners and developers, it is important perhaps most important to give consideration to how the solutions would impact upon the people ultimately using the facilities being discussed. With no official standards for the condition required of non-potable water before it can be used, careful planning is needed to make certain that no errors are made that could potentially cause harm to customers or students. Hotels often take the precaution of labelling water sources such as sinks that provide non-potable water. Another precaution, which might be made use of at the school, would be to use quality gpes (EA, 2008). Prior to selecting one of the options, the projects planners should assess how efficient they are by looking into both how secure and how durable their supply of water will be (Hunt et al., 2006). With the rainfall system being wholly reliant upon the weather, this is quite an insecure option, as unexpectedly dry weather will significantly harm the effectiveness of the solution. This might put off the planners, particularly in the case of the hotel, with grey water reuse preferred due to its greater regularity of supply, regardless of the changing seasons, climate or weather patterns recyclingal., 2006). Therefore 6.0 Conclusions and recommendations The report posits an approach to setting up a sustainable system for managing water at a brownfield development site where a hotel and a school are being constructed. The buildings water requirements are approximated from information provided from the exercise paper and CIRIA report no. C657. The report also considers two alternatives for green technologies to help ensure that the buildings have a sustainable water supply, namely the harvesting of rainfall and the reuse of grey water from the buildings recyclinglutions would both provide non-potable water, with the rainwater of a higher standard than the grey water, which would require treatment before it could be reintroduced to the water system, even for uses not involving human ingestion supplied from thes or regulations regarding RH or grey water quality in the United Kingdom, it would be best to utilise the water for functions such as sub-surface irrigation or flushingAs there are not agreed wateould provide sufficient water to fully supply these functions, but could still significantly supplement the water provided by the mains supplyIn addition, that all these uses can not be fully coven to analyse poteo, there iscription in order to identify the methods of qurnservation at the school and the hotel, ultimately recommending that. water produced by grey water treatment and RH should be utilised for toilet flushing, so as to make savings on water costs and sewage fees. the RH setup is better suited to the school in terms of sustainability, cost effectiveness and viability than the grey water reuse setup and should be implemented at the school with no grey water treatment operation introduced. grey water and RH setups should be implemented for the hotel, either in a combined system or separately, so as to make savings and improve the hotels water sustainability by supplying the establishments toilet flushing function. water costs and sewage fees are fairly cheap, whereas the costs of implementing either of the suggested green solutions are significantly higher, meaning that these technologies are not commonplace in the UK recyclingthe current situation, population growth and environmental changes are likely to create greater water scarcity and make these approaches to the provision of non-potable water far more common, with governments legislating in their support. However, the growi there is a need for the EA, the government or another relevant organisation to set up official regulations for non-potable water quality in the UK.